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11.
Summary Postwar economic development in Europe can be subdivided in two periods. In the first subperiod 1950–1973 growth is determined by catching up vis-d-vis the US. The second subperiod 1973–1993 is characterised by a reorientation with respect to the international division of labour. This sets the stage for future developments, which are presented in the form of three different scenarios. In the European Decline scenario Europe cannot match developments in the US and Japan. As appears from a scenario called Fortress Europe import protection provides no sensible solution. To compete on a world scale Europe needs more technological dynamics as sketched in the European Recovery scenario. Calculations of future paths are based on the WorldScan model of the Central Planning Bureau.Theo van de Klundert is Professor of Economics at Tilburg University. Ben Geurts and Hans Timmer are staff members of the Central Planning Bureau, The Hague. We are indebted to Martin Fase and Simon Kuipers for useful comments on an earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
12.
For shipping activities, not least container shipping, bunker fuel is a considerable expense. In the last 5 years, bunker prices have risen considerably. An increasing bunker price in container shipping, especially in the short term, is only partially compensated through surcharges and will therefore affect earnings negatively. This paper deals with the impact of increasing bunker costs on the design of liner services on the Europe–Far East trade. The paper assesses how shipping lines have adapted their liner service schedules (in terms of commercial speed, number of vessels deployed per loop, etc.) to deal with increased bunker costs. The paper also includes a cost model to simulate the impact of bunker cost changes on the operational costs of liner services. The cost model demonstrates for a typical North Europe–East Asia loop that the current bunker prices have a significant impact on the costs per TEU even when using large post-panamax vessels. The model also shows shipping lines are reacting quite late to higher bunker costs. The reasons that explain the late adaptation of liner services relate to inertia, transit time concerns, increasing costs associated with fixing schedule integrity problems and fleet management issues. 相似文献
13.
Commercial food health branding is a challenging branch of marketing because it might, at the same time, promote healthy living
and be commercially viable. However, the power to influence individuals’ health behavior and overall health status makes it
crucial for marketing professionals to take into account the ethical dimensions of health branding: this article presents
a conceptual analysis of potential ethical problems in health branding. The analysis focuses on ethical concerns related to
the application of three health brand elements (functional claims, process claims, and health symbols) as well as a number
of general concerns that apply to health branding as such. Being a pioneering analysis, this article advances the academic
understanding of health branding and provides practitioners with knowledge of important concerns to take into account when
marketing health brands. 相似文献
14.
This article focuses on the potential of and obstacles to agriculture in the Southern Afri can Development Community. The potential for horizontal and vertical expansion of agri cultural production is discussed Specific attention is given to problems of data availabil ity, macroeconomic policy and trade in the region, inadequate research, technology de velopment and extension, human capital and land tenure. The article integrates the con tributions of an African Development Bank study, regional policy and macroeconomic programmes, international studies on potential population‐supporting capacity and re gional rural and agricultural programmes. 相似文献
15.
16.
To develop further insight into antecedents of the CEO's psychological orientation toward the firm, we investigate what might lead CEOs to identify with their firms. Although research suggests that CEO organizational identification can be quite consequential for the firm, little research attention has been paid to its determinants. To predict how the special context of the CEO position might lead to identification, we consider a set of motives that members have for identifying with their organizations and consider how unique features of the CEO position might be relevant to those motives. Our theory and supportive findings help explain how the context of the CEO position, including variables often conceptualized as control mechanisms in agency theory research, can have important effects on subsequent CEO organizational identification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Disclosure as a tool in stakeholder relations management: a longitudinal study on the Port of Rotterdam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Theo Notteboom Francesco Parola Lara Penco 《International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications》2015,18(3):228-250
This study applies stakeholder management principles to the port domain. We provide a conceptual framework for evaluating the communication strategies a (landlord) Port Authority (PA) relies on in the management of its relevant stakeholders and the adoption of disclosure to critical issues. The theoretical arguments are supported by empirical evidences from the Port of Rotterdam (PoR), i.e. a major port which leverages disclosure to successfully manage stakeholders and support the implementation of corporate strategy. The research questions are addressed using a content analysis on the annual reports (ARs) of PoR in the period 2000–2012. The overall research design enables the investigation of PA disclosure as a tool for managing the evolving interests of stakeholders from a longitudinal perspective. The PoR case shows that the relative importance of topics reported in the ARs change over time, as a result of external pressures and internal key events. The outcomes demonstrate the growing attention of PoR on topics relevant to the broader community (e.g. environment and safety/security) after a period characterised by a prominent focus on financial and governance issues. Besides, key breakthrough forces stimulating the shifts in landlord communication strategies are identified and discussed. Finally, by suggesting an indirect approach to evaluate how PA prioritises its salient stakeholders, the paper adds to extant port literature and brings methodological implications. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Literature analyzes interorganizational relationships mostly from a relational perspective by emphasizing partnerships’ positive aspects. Yet business reality is often less romantic and more opportunistic. Especially within the automotive industry opportunistic behaviors often cause extreme reactions in both partners, resulting in poisoned relationships. This study examines the effects of bilateral opportunism between buyers and suppliers on both partners’ relationship induced financial performance, using an automotive industrial setting of new product development (NPD) partnerships. Furthermore, we evaluate the “opportunistic fit” between both partners to assess whether partnerships are characterized by opportunistic parity or unilateral domination. 相似文献19.
20.
Theo Eicher Cecilia García-Peñalosa Tanguy van Ypersele 《Journal of Economic Growth》2009,14(3):205-231
We examine how the interaction between education and corruption affects institutional reform and economic development. While
corruption reduces average income and education, education increases not only output and hence potential corruption rents,
but also produces more informed electorates that better monitor government actions. We find that economies with intermediate
levels of education remain in a poverty trap since the level of skills creates sufficient corruption rents but not enough
monitoring. Economies with low or high levels of education can escape the poverty trap, and inequality plays a key role in
determining whether this occurs through a change in institutions or an expansion of education. 相似文献