Estimation of fractional integration under temporal aggregation

A result characterizing the effect of temporal aggregation in the frequency domain is known for arbitrary stationary processes and generalized for difference-stationary processes here. Temporal aggregation includes cumulation of flow variables as well as systematic (or skip) sampling of stock variables. Next, the aggregation result is applied to fractionally integrated processes. In particular, it is investigated whether typical frequency domain assumptions made for semiparametric estimation and inference are closed with respect to aggregation. With these findings it is spelled out, which estimators remain valid upon aggregation under which conditions on bandwidth selection.     

Growth and Deeper Regional Integration in a Three-Country Model

An endogenous growth model of three countries is used to investigate the dynamic effects of deeper economic integration between two countries in the presence of an outside world. The paper looks at the long-run effects of inner-union trade liberalization, the union's external trade policy, and of the relaxation of the inner-union barriers to migration. It is shown that regional integration via inner-union trade liberalization can lead very well to a decline of the steady-state growth rates.     

Beyond money for nothing; beyond set‐aside?

Beyond money for nothing; beyond set‐aside? Set‐Aside has been effective in educing supply. ‘Slippage’ has not been a major factor in the operation of the policy. However, set‐aside has not been cheap: the budgetary costs of set‐aside have exceeded the budgetary costs of dealing with surplus production via export subsidies in many years. Experience with the environmental impact of set‐aside suggests that its major environmental contribution, beyond the types of environmental benefits provided by existing agri‐environmental policies, is to provide for birds and wildlife within relatively intensively cropped areas. While the future requirement for supply control appears likely to be reduced, there may be a continuing environmental rationale for some form of land diversion. We propose a competitive land diversion scheme targeted to provide space for habitat and wildlife in the more intensive areas of production. Such a scheme can be seen as a form of environmental compensation and would be consistent with the adoption of the principle of sustainable development within the EU. We do not claim that this approach would be suited to the conditions in all EU countries. This would depend on the agricultural and environmental conditions and the public preferences towards the environment. Par delà le gaspillage, en plus du gel des terres. ? La jachère aura permis de réduire ?offre. Les ‘dérapages’ n'auront pas été trop importants. Mais le gel des terres n'aura pas été une petite dépense:au fil des ans, le plus souvent, le coût budgétaire correspondant aura été supérieur à celui des subventions à?exportation pour se débarrasser des surplus. A ?expérience, les observations sur les conséquences environnementales du gel des terres suggèrent fortement que le bénéfice majeur à en attendre, en plus des avantages directs procurés par les mesures agri‐environnementales, est de fournir des abris pour les oiseaux et la faune sauvage au sein de zones intensivement cultivées par ailleurs. Au moment où les mesures de contrôle de ?offre semblent devoir être réduites, il apparaît ainsi des raisons pour continuer la politique de mise en jachère. Il est proposé ici une politique de mise en jachère compétitive, destinée à procurer des abris à la faune sauvage dans les zones intensément cultivées. Un tel système pourrait être considéré comme une mesure compensatoire au titre de ?environnement, par conséquent compatible avec les principes du développement durable en Europe. Cela ne veut pas dire qu'il devrait être mis en place partout dans tous les pays europeens. Cela dÉpendrait des situations agricoles et environnementales locales, ainsi que des préfÉrences des citoyens vis‐à‐vis de ?environnement. Alternativen zum bezahlten Nichtstun; Alternativen zur Flächenstilllegung? Die Flächenstilllegung hat das Angebot effektiv verringert. Schlupfverluste haben bei der Umsetzung der Politik keine große Rolle gespielt. Die Flächenstilllegung war jedoch nicht billig: In vielen Jahren überstiegen die Haushaltskosten für die Flächenstilllegung die Haushaltskosten für Exportsubventionen zum Abbau der Uuberschüsse. Die Erfahrungen mit den Umweltauswirkungen der Flächenstilllegung legen es nahe, dass ihr größter Beitrag zum Umweltschutz ‐ über den von vorhandenen Agrarum‐weltpolitikmaßnahmen erzielten Nutzen für die Umwelt hinaus ‐ darin besteht, für Vögel und andere Tiere in relativ intensiv genutzten Bereichen einen Lebensraum zu schaffen. Während sich zukünftig die Notwendigkeit einer Angebotsbegrenzung wahrscheinlich verringert, könnte die eine oder andere Form der Umwidmung von Land aus Umweltgesichtspunkten auch weiterhin begründet sein. Wir empfehlen ein wettbewerbsfähiges Programm zur Umwidmung von Land, welches das Schaffen von Lebensräumen für Tiere auf intensiv genutzten Produktionsflächen zum Ziel hat. Ein solches Programm kann als eine Form von Umweltkompensation betrachtet werden und ginge mit dem erklärten Ziel der nachhaltigen Entwicklung innerhalb der EU einher. Wir behaupten nicht, dass dieser Ansatz für die Bedingungen in alien EU‐Ländern geeignet wäre. Dies hinge von den Agrar‐ und Umweltbedingungen und den öffentlichen Präferenzen für Umwelt ab.     

Organisationales Commitment und seine Einflussfaktoren: Eine qualitative Metaanalyse

It is a result from increasing individualism and the ongoing deregulation of formal and psychological work contracts that organizational commitment has become one of the key concepts in management research and practice. There is growing empirical research not only on the effects of commitment on organizational performance, but also on its personal, organizational and contextual antecedents. In this literature review the state of the art in commitment-related research is presented and discussed. We refer to the grounding work of Meyer and Allen (1991) and their distinction between affective, normative, and continuance commitment. The paper is based on three meta-analyses and an additional systematic review of 61 empirical studies. They provide evidence for the fact that there is a shift from demographic to differential personality factors in research. Affective commitment and normative commitment can be explained by individual differences (e.g., self-efficacy and trustfulness), work environment (e.g., transformational leadership and controllability), and organisational characteristics (e.g., supporting human resources policy and interpersonal, distributive, and procedural justice). Continuance commitment has been found negatively correlated with affective and normative commitment. Significant antecedents are the same work-related factors as for the two other forms of commitment, but the coefficients are inverse. Contrary to former results, national culture has no effect neither on the link between other antecedents and commitment, nor on commitment itself.