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181.
Shanthi Nataraj Francisco Perez‐Arce Krishna B. Kumar Sinduja V. Srinivasan 《Journal of economic surveys》2014,28(3):551-572
Controversy over labor market policy often centers on achieving a balance between preventing worker exploitation, and avoiding loss of productivity or employment through excessive regulation. Although the literature documenting the impact of labor market regulation on employment is extensive, there is a dearth of evidence on the impact of such policies in low‐income countries (LICs). Since it is easier for workers, especially women, to slip into the informal sector in LICs, regulations are likely to have stronger impacts on formal employment in these countries (but lower impacts on unemployment). We systematically reviewed available research from countries that are, or were until recently, LICs. Most studies document that more stringent labor regulations are associated with lower formal sector employment and higher informal sector employment. We also conducted a metaregression analysis of the impact of minimum wages on formal and informal employment. After controlling for publication bias, higher minimum wages are associated with lower formal employment and a higher share of informal workers. 相似文献
182.
B. H. Macgillivray J. V. Sharp J. E. Strutt P. D. Hamilton 《Journal of Risk Research》2013,16(1):85-104
Risk management in the water utility sector is becoming increasingly explicit. However, due to the novelty and complexity of the discipline, utilities are encountering difficulties in defining and institutionalising their risk management processes. In response, the authors have developed a sector specific capability maturity methodology for benchmarking and improving risk management. The research, conducted in consultation with water utility practitioners, has distilled risk management into a coherent, process‐based framework. We identified eleven risk management processes, and eight key attributes with characterise the extent to which these processes are defined, controlled and institutionalised. Implementation of the model should enable utilities to more effectively employ their portfolio of risk analysis techniques for optimal, credible and defensible decision making. 相似文献
183.
Yuri N. Moseykin Irina V. Levchenko 《中国经济评论(英文版)》2014,(3):137-153
This research paper attempts to determine the relationship between agricultural import tariff and economic growth of Mercosur countries over the period 1996-2007 using regression analysis as well as evaluates the gains and losses from the group's trade policy over the same period. The introductory part of this paper focuses on the dynamics of changes in economic growth, trade, and import tariff of these countries over the last two decades. The results of the performed regression analysis of panel data suggest that trade liberalization has a quantitatively significant positive effect on growth. By using the coefficient estimates on tariff, the authors perform a quantitative evaluation of gains and losses from trade policy, for which tariff measures to trade (imports) are used as a proxy. 相似文献
184.
This paper deals with reasons and circumstances of the new emerging structure of the Russian economy at the turn of the century, expressed in the substantial growth of the share of services in the GDP. Those changes have both positive and negative influences on the Russian economic conditions and domestic reproductive performance in the period of transformation and are analyzed here. Based on cross-country comparisons, the authors estimate the adequacy of upcoming structural shifts for the real condition the national economy under the hypothetical assumption that it actually functions according to free-market principles. 相似文献
185.
Increasing demand for cereals produced from limited natural resources stimulated the Green Revolution in grain crops like wheat and rice. But the gap between potential and actual production continues. Concerns about sustainability, and the social and technical shortcomings of the Green Revolution, have triggered a number of alternative crop production strategies. One, in particular, the so-called System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is attracting attention by governments, civil society organizations and farmers in Asia and elsewhere. 相似文献
186.
The main reasons for the high poverty rate and income differentiation among Russia??s population are analyzed, and indispensable governmental measures of income policy are substantiated that will help resolve this problem and encourage domestic consumer demand. 相似文献
187.
The article presents forecasts and analyses aimed at the justification for the modernization of the Russian economy based on innovative products of the engineering industry. Solutions to the following tasks are proposed: to restore the function of innovations of the engineering industry, to provide the innovative and technological development of the production apparatus of the engineering industry, and significantly increase the share of domestic products in the market of investments and consumer goods. 相似文献
188.
Commodity price booms, as those recorded in the last decade, may have a significant economic impact in small, commodity exporting, developing countries. Whether the impact on output is positive or negative is still unclear. It depends on various factors, notably on the impact that commodity prices can have on the real exchange rate of the commodity exporting countries. Two recent papers show that the real exchange rate appreciates when commodity prices increase. Our analysis produces new estimates of this relationship by focusing on a large sample of developing countries which are specialized in the export of one leading commodity. By using non-stationary panel techniques robust to cross-sectional dependence, we find that the price of the dominant commodity has a significant long-run impact on the real exchange rate when the exports of the leading commodity have a share of at least 20 percent in the country's total exports of merchandises. Our results also show that the larger this share, the larger the size of the impact. 相似文献
189.
Russian agriculture is one of the industries operating in the unstable economic situation in a developing market taking into account risks of the world economy, economic, political, and climatic factors. The role of agriculture is to provide people's needs for food, significant effects on employment, the efficiency of domestic production, and way of life in rural areas by obligatory preserving food security in Russia. One of the major tasks for agriculture is the development of innovations and investments aimed at improving the competitiveness of the domestic agricultural sector. Russia's membership in the WTO since 2012 is getting a particular importance in the innovation and investment support of agriculture. The strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation until 2020 "Innovative Russia--2020" assumes three possible options for innovative development: inertial (directed on imports), catch-up development and a local technological competitiveness and a variant of achieving leadership in leading scientific and technical sectors, and fundamental research. A positive point is that the strategy provides an algorithm of state support of the innovation cycle. The innovation cycle is the process associated with the sequence of innovation transformations (scientific or business ideas) in products, technology, business process and launches it on the market for commercial use. A positively developing regional aspect is of great importance. 相似文献
190.
N. I. Komkov V. V. Sutyagin I. E. Frolov G. G. Balayan G. K. Kulakin M. V. Krotova I. I. Figurkova N. N. Bondareva N. N. Volodina A. A. Lazarev V. S. Romantsov T. V. Maistruk L. V. Shinkaruk V. M. Geets T. V. Golikova S. I. Kireev V. I. Muntiyan L. A. Musina L. I. Fedulova V. K. Khaustov N. M. Shelud’ko E. V. Shubravskaya N. N. Yakubovskii 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2011,22(4):365-374
The paper presents the research results of an investigation into the state of scientific, technological, trade and economic interactions between Russia and Ukraine in terms of their potential, prospects, and problems impeding their cooperation. It is shown that there is a considerable scientific and technological potential both in Russia and Ukraine. Opportunities and conditions for the modernization of both countries’ economies are shown to depend on the coordinated use of their potentials. 相似文献