瑞士水电开发现状与发展前景(下)

目前,瑞士建有大量水利水电工程,且工程施工技术先进,就单位面积上所建的大坝数量而言,瑞士居世界第一.该国技术可开发的水电资源蕴藏量为41000 GW·h/a,其中的86.6％已经得到了开发利用,因此,国家不再有新的大型水电工程开工建设方面的规划.着重对瑞士水资源蕴藏量状况、水电开发沿革及其开发现状,以及该国水电行业的发展趋势等作了概述.     

亚洲水质现状评估

生活污水、工业废水及农业径流随意排放持续影响着亚洲水资源环境。虽然亚洲许多国家卫生设施越来越接近卫生目标,但仍有大量垃圾尚未处理。目前,各国数据显示水质状况非常严重。尽管如此,水质监测工作正在加强,有些国家现在已建立监测系统,这对亚洲地区其他国家有着指导作用。像湄公河委员会这样的流域机构可以协调跨界甚至跨区域水质评估工作。亚洲目前正尝试应用监管及经济手段来解决污染问题,但同时面临着体制及社会方面的挑战,尤其是人口增长以及该地区水质影响因素等方面的挑战。     

浅谈电算化下会计内部控制

随着电子信息技术的普及,实行会计电算化的企业越来越多。会计电算化的实施,也给企业的内部控制带来了许多新的问题和挑战。严格的内控制度是会计电算化信息真实可靠的重要保证,有助于防止违规、违法行为的发生,因而建立一整套适合电算化会计系统的内部控制制度就显得尤为重要。本文拟从会计电算化系统的角度,研究内部会计控制制度的有关问题及对策。     

Personal responsibility in health benefits: looking backward, looking forward

Consumerism and care management continue to make inroads as cost-containment strategies for employers, as well as for employees who have endured the steady rise in benefit cost-shifting. The latest statistics and trends point the way to a new era of personal responsibility in health benefits. The author describes how this trend has grown, and where it is leading.     

Technicity in nursing and the dispensation of thinking

While technology and health care delivery are inextricably and increasingly intertwined and technology has driven major advances in quality and efficiency in health care, technology does not replace the need for a thinking human being in care delivery. The term "technicity" refers to the tension created by the ability of humans to think versus their risk of being exploited as objects subservient to technologies. Drawing upon the philosophical works of Thoreau, Heidegger, and others, the authors pause on the conundrum created by expanding technology with the assumption that technological "improvements" should be evaluated with caution. Health care information systems are an example of tools that have improved our ability to collect and store information, but when systems "go down," staff can be rendered helpless. Similarly, technology can impose personal distance between the patient and provider in instances where staff are positioned as a mechanism for collecting data rather than a person interacting with another person. In some cases, health care providers function as navigators helping patients reach the correct pharmaceutical, rather than as teachers helping patients seek better health. Lastly, the tendency toward systems analysis in the context of the complex hospital environment leads solely toward uniform solutions rather than instances where a customized solution is warranted.     

The evaluation of a surveillance system for violent and non-intentional injury mortality in Colombian cities

Since 2002, the Institute for Peace Promotion and Injury/Violence Prevention (CISALVA) at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia and the Colombia Program at Georgetown University have developed and implemented 21 epidemiologically based municipal crime observatories in intermediate-sized municipalities in Colombia. These crime observatories serve as monitoring centres that provide low cost, geo-referenced methods of data collection and analysis, which allow cities to develop more responsive policies and prevention programmes and enhance governance. This article focuses on the methodology employed and lessons learned that may be applicable to similar settings. Worth noting within the results was a significant decrease in homicides after the first year of the programme. Whether or not such results could be attributed to the method or to the nature of the interventions and policy initiatives stemming from it remains open to conjecture.     

True burden of drowning: compiling data to meet the new definition

The objective and aim of the study was to compile empirical data to quantify the underestimation of the true burden of drowning and to compare drowning rates using commonly reported codes compared with those revealed by use of the full range of drowning codes in ICD version 10. The authors reviewed mortality data (1999-2002) from Australia and the USA and compiled data to compare the burden of 'unintentional drowning' with that of 'all drowning'. In both Australia and the USA, drowning mortality is more than 35% higher when a full range of codes is examined. A more comprehensive representation of the drowning problem is needed to assist in strengthening prevention activities.