The employer costs of motor vehicle crashes

The latest published estimate of the cost of US motor vehicle crashes to employers is for 1989. This study estimates annual employer costs in 1998-2000. Incidence was estimated with occupational injury data and motor vehicle crash data for 1998-2000. Employer costs were estimated from Federal estimates of crash costs by source of payment using data on the percentage of varied payment streams (e.g. health insurance, sick leave) paid by employers. Motor vehicle crash injuries on and off the job cost employers almost $60 billion annually, including $16.3 billion in fringe benefit costs; $25.2 billion in property damage, workplace disruption and other non-fringe costs; and $18.4 billion in wage-risk premiums. Traffic safety programmes can reduce the fringe benefit bill without reducing the benefits offered to employees. Eliminating alcohol-impaired and unrestrained driving would save employers $15.2 billion annually.     

Patterns of injuries and motor-vehicle traffic accidents in Athens

The extremely high cost of motor-vehicle accidents in public health leads to the necessity of a better injury data collection in the Accident and Emergency Hospital Departments. The 'Asclepeion' of Voula Hospital covers the southeastern suburban areas of the greater Athens area (1,000,000 population). The aim of this study is to present information on the pattern of injuries in Athens, in order to understand the magnitude of the problem and develop rational prevention programmes. Specially trained health visitors of the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS) interviewed in person every injured victim who was brought into the Emergency Service of the 'Asclepeion' of Voula Hospital. The study was performed during a 3-year period, from 1996 to 1998; 4564 persons were interviewed. Traffic accidents were more frequent on weekdays with a seasonal peak in July and among young Greeks (aged 25 - 34 years). The usual type of injuries seen in vehicle-accident victims were cerebral contusion and concussion, while in motorcycle-accident victims, head contusion and fractures. The most common reasons for the accident were excessive speed, poor condition of road, inattention, abstraction or drowsiness and drug effects. A total of 29.8% of motorcycle drivers and 5.7% of motorcycle passengers wore a helmet and 26.3% of car drivers and 14.1% of car passengers were using seatbelts. The identification of road traffic injury patterns can contribute to the development of injury prevention measures and guide rational preventive interventions that can reduce the incidence of these injuries. The EDISS system established at 'Asclepeion' of Voula Emergency Service can provide useful and accurate information about this serious and multidimensional problem of Greek Public Health.     

悬臂式挡土墙底板结构计算方法探讨

对悬臂式挡土墙内力计算所使用的反力直线分布法和弹性地基梁法进行了对比研究,结果表明两种方法的计算结果存在显著差异,有时甚至内力的符号也不相同,前者弱化了地基反力分布的不均匀性,地基反力和底板内力的极大值均明显偏小。分析表明,使用弹性地基梁法计算出的成果较为可靠。     

利用水流和机械模拟进行冲击式转轮的不稳定分析

随着计算机流体动力学（CFD）预计冲击式水轮机自由面流能力的稳步提高,介绍了最近的发展情况,展示了该领域的最新技术水平。在初步讨论了详细的确认结果后,讨论了某些典型的应用,如性能预测和多喷嘴效应。对于所谓流体结构相互作用（FSI）分析,也介绍了冲击式水轮机水斗的耦合流体和结构模拟。还讨论了考虑实际入流模式对转轮研制的重要性。     

空冷发电机定子绕组局部放电测试技术

在线局部放电测试已经成为公认的有效工具,可以帮助维修工程师确定哪些定子绕组需要进行离线测试和／或修理。概述了该项测试技术的发展历程及趋势、局部放电数据、对PD数据库的分析以及绕组寿命等等。     

美国落基山电站改造工程的经验与教训

落基山抽水蓄能电站装机容量848 MW,位于美国佐治亚州弗罗伊德县境内,属Oglethorpe电力公司和佐治亚电力公司共同所有。该电站装有3台可逆式混流式机组。水泵-水轮机和球形进水阀是20世纪70年代末和80年代初设计和制造的,在20世纪80年代末和90年代初安装以前,一直长期贮藏在仓库内。电动机-发电机和其他电气设备是20世纪80年代末和90年代初设计、制造和安装的。该电站于1995年投运,介绍了电站改造工程的经验与教训。     

转移印刷应用于大批量微型电子器件并行装配的研究

转移印刷是一种新技术,它能将大量高性能半导体器件并行装配到几乎所有的基材上,包括玻璃、塑料、金属或其他半导体材料。这种半导体转印技术利用弹性移印头从源硅片有选择性地拾取器件,然后将这些器件印刷到目标基材上。其关键技术是调整弹性移印头与半导体器件的黏附能力。转移过程是大批量并行的,可一次转印成千上万个器件。研究结果表明,99.9%以上的此类产品是可以通过转印实现的。此外,印刷芯片的放置精度小于±5μm。     

拥抱绿色发展新范式：中国碳中和政策框架研究

中国以及全球范围的碳中和共识与行动标志着工业革命后形成的传统发展范式逐渐落幕，一个新的绿色发展范式开始兴起。本文分析工业革命以来旧有发展范式的不可持续性，揭示绿色发展范式在发展目的、发展内容、发展方式以及发展普适性上，是对传统发展范式的一次深刻革命。在新的绿色发展范式框架下，本文重新思考经济学的基本问题如价值理论、财富的内涵和测度，以及个人和集体行为等，分析新发展范式转变对于重塑中国重要经济部门和系统的政策含义，并讨论了转型过程中体制机制、金融和技术创新等方面的重要保障，以及如何实现协调和平衡的转型。本文同时提出中国如何引领世界碳中和治理机制建设，并讨论了同世界实现绿色合作共赢的机遇和政策。