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991.
John F. Gaski 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1985,13(1-2):310-320
One of the well-established characteristics of lawlike generalizations is nomic necessity, i.e., the quality of universality
or inevitability. In turn, the ability to support so-called “counterfactual conditionals” is considered the hallmark of lawlike
statements which possess nomic necessity. Unfortunately, there seems to be some inconsistent interpretation of this counterfactual-support
requirement, revealed even in some of the most prominent works on the subject in the field of marketing. This paper represents
an attempt to clarify the situation. 相似文献
992.
993.
Paul F. Hanley Author Vitae 《Socio》2007,41(2):163-179
This article studies the relationship between school district size and bus transportation costs, and estimates the change in such costs when a statewide policy of consolidation is pursued. To explore this relationship, we develop a multiple-objective model and solution procedure that combines a geographic aggregation and bus routing heuristic to generate consolidation scenarios. The heuristic was developed to explicitly consider efficiency, effectiveness, and equity objectives, and can be applied in both urban and rural states. The scenarios will generate average statewide bus transportation costs. As applied to the State of Iowa, within the legislature's proposed range of consolidation of 500-1000 students, it was found that transportation operational and capital cost increases range from 0.6 to 10.6 percent and 0.7 to 7.7 percent, respectively. 相似文献
994.
I.F. Clarke 《Futures》1985,17(1):57-67
So far this series has looked at the sporadic and amateur development of writing about the future. Before 1914 the examination of coming things was for the most part an interest for writers of fiction, journalists, some politicians and some professionals. The devastating effects of technology during World War I made the study of the future too important to be left to amateurs; it began to be a matter of serious concern for experts and for governments. This article examines these developments during the inter-war years, and it suggests that one of the most decisive factors in changing societies has been the power of Oldthink. 相似文献
995.
996.
Jason F. Shogren 《Resource and Energy Economics》1998,20(4):309-326
Delay costs play a role in Coasean bargaining over environmental conflicts when an injunction restricts actions until a settlement is reached. Results from the lab suggest that efficiency remained relatively robust to discrete and increasing marginal delay costs, but declined significantly with nonincreasing marginal delay costs. Bargainers appear to deal with probability and consequences separately rather than in combination as maintained by expected utility theory, and as such, neglect ends over means. How the distribution of wealth is best organized depends on perspective: constrained self-interest best organizes behavior if expected utility is maintained; pure self-interest dominates if we acknowledge the probability–consequence heuristic. 相似文献
997.
Accounting for and ownership of U.S. private employee pensions has long been a controversial and politically contested terrain. The uniqueness in the U.S. of using employers as the principal provider of pensions makes the reporting of pensions more problematic since the corporate employers providing pensions are not strictly accountable to only the pensioners. Over the last quarter century there has been a marked swing in power toward management and away from employees making it possible for increasing numbers of U.S. companies to switch from conventional defined benefit plans to cash balance plans. This paper provides a “case” study of how accounting standard-setters framed the pension reporting problem vis-à-vis how they frame the “reporting problem” in general. Utilizing various sources of commentary about the phenomenon of cash-balance conversions, we triangulate on the pension problem to demonstrate how current FASB disclosure rules fail to satisfy the condition of neutrality and how those rules have facilitated the shifting of economic risk from shareholders to employees. 相似文献
998.
Disruption management in industrial areas consists in dealing with unanticipated events that get the plans deviate from their intended course. The solution results from the design and the maintenance of an operating mode ensuring a relevant deployment of individual recovery behaviours.The paper proposes an approach to minimize the impact of disrupting events on the whole system. It is based on an analysis of disrupting events and the characterization of the recovery process, and on a cooperative repair method for distributed industrial systems. This method is based on a cooperative distributed problem solving approach supported by a multi-agent system framework. 相似文献
999.
1000.