Households transport-home energy conservation strategies in response to energy price policies: A stated adaptation experiment based on portfolio choices and cross effects designs

This article explores consumer investment choice in long-term energy conservation technology and assesses trade-offs in energy saving behaviour between the housing and transportation domains. The long-term energy conservation choice problem is conceptualized as a portfolio choice problem. Consequently, to measure trade-offs between investments in housing and transport options, a cross effects choice design is developed in which respondents were shown one or more alternate ways to reduce their current energy consumption: (1) investing in new technology in the house, such as solar panels; (2) exchanging the current car for a more energy efficient car; (3) buying a new energy-efficient car, such as EV or solar car; (4) moving house to reduce current travel distances. To help respondents linking these options to their current energy consumption, a new Web-based survey system (SINA) to implement and administer stated adaptation experiments was developed. The system was used to collect two sets of data. First, data about out-of-home and in-home energy consumption, together with detailed time use data, was collected. Second, using a cross effects design, respondents were asked to select a portfolio of energy-saving strategies in response to different energy pricing policy scenarios. Results reported in this paper are based on 572 respondents who completed the survey and responded to seven adaptation questions based on their current energy expenditures. A random parameters logit model is estimated to predict the probability of choosing a particular portfolio of energy-saving options. Estimation results indicate that individuals from different socio-demographic groups exhibit varied preferences. The saving option characteristics, especially cost related characteristics have significant effects on individuals' preferences. Moreover, the results also showed significant effects of choice set composition on energy saving options. Further, the energy pricing policies had showed mixed effects on individual's preferences.     

Assessing recreation carrying capacity of the environment attributes based on visitors’ willingness to pay

Recreation carrying capacity (RCC) is one of the most important indictors used in measuring the usage limits for the forest park resources. However, the consensus has not been reached with respect to the RCC’s content and its measuring metrics. In this paper, we attempt to establish a new RCC theoretical framework based on the demand theory of the tourism product characteristics. In the process, the choice experiment and orthogonal design methods are used in questionnaire designs and the conditional Logit model is used for parameter estimates. More than 700 park visitors are surveyed for data collection at the Shenyang National Forest park of Liaoning province in China. The primary park attributes being considered encompass vegetation, coverage, water quality, number of rubbish on the park trail path, admission fees, and congestion. The carrying capacity threshold for each specific attribute is identified.     

倒边盖挖逆作法基坑支护结构可靠性分析

为了解决采用标准Monte Carlo法计算复杂基坑工程上常见小概率失效,导致计算效率低的问题,以南京市湖南路地下商业街工程为工程背景,首先,将随机响应面法与基坑工程三维模型相结合,求解极限功能函数的响应面方程,并用标准Monte Carlo法计算失效概率和可靠指标,探讨采用倒边盖挖逆作法作为基坑支护结构施工方法的可行性;其次,基于该响应面方程,以土体的弹性模量为随机变量参数,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗子集模拟法(MCMC子集模拟法)计算基坑支护结构的失效概率,并与标准Monte Carlo法结果进行对比分析。结果表明：当支护结构最大侧移控制指标为25 mm时,计算得到的可靠指标均大于4.6,即采用倒边盖挖逆作法施工过程中基坑是安全的;10万次和50万次标准Monte Carlo法计算得到的失效概率均为零,说明对于标准Monte Carlo法,在计算小概率失效问题时10万与50万的样本量是不足的;而MCMC子集模拟法用2.98万个样本计算出的结果与标准Monte Carlo法采用100万个样本计算的结果相对误差仅为1.7%,表明MCMC子集模拟法对于小概率失效问题求解的优势。所提算法在一定...     

二滩水电站坝下水垫塘的水力设计

二滩水电站采用坝身泄洪、水垫塘消能方式。本文用模型试验、计算分析和工程类比的方法,对坝下水垫塘的水力设计问题进行了探讨,结果表明,溢流拱坝下游水垫塘的设计是经济合理的,可以满足坝身泄洪消能的要求。     

土坝漫顶后冲沟网形成模拟

根据土坝漫顶后冲沟网形成的特点,建立了能够模拟土坝漫顶后冲沟网形成的元胞自动机模型。在元胞自动机模型中采用坡降模式模拟水流运动,采用冲刷率公式模拟坡面冲刷,确定了坡面径流和坡面冲刷规则。在计算中考虑了地形随机起伏变化和坡面抗冲性能差异2个影响因素,得出不同因素对冲沟网形成的影响。结果表明:单一考虑地形随机起伏变化形成的冲沟网较顺直,综合考虑2个方面影响的计算结果比较合理。     

最优政府支出结构与平衡增长

本文首先建立了一个包含政府支出的两部门内生增长模型,将政府支出划分为政府物质资本投资以及政府人力资本投资,对政府支出与经济增长关系进行了理论分析.结论是:在宏观税率、私人主体的时间偏好率和消费的跨期替代弹性给定的条件下,政府物质资本投资以及政府人力资本投资之间存在唯一的最优比例.通过比较静态分析发现,经济的宏观税率与平衡增长率之间存在对应关系.     

粒子群小波人工神经网络组合模型的径流预测

为了克服传统径流过程预测容易产生累积误差的缺点,提高径流预测精度,提出了一种基于粒子群小波人工神经嘲络组合模型的月径流过程预测算法,该算法具有原理简单、实用性强等特点.将该算法用于预测某电厂月径流过程计算,结果表明,其预测结果精度高,可为水电厂提供可靠的入库径流,对水电厂制定合理的运行方式有重要作用.     

中国新型城镇化中的农民工市民化探析

从物回归到人是新型城镇化的价值所在。文章立足中国农民工市民化以人为本的价值追求,解析新型城镇化中农民工市民化的时代意蕴,分析农民工市民化的价值意义以及当前的现状和困境。文章认为,应从认识、主体、社会环境和制度四个层面推进农民工市民化进程,具体而言就是政府的管理理念要由物本观念向人本观念转变;尊重农民工的主体地位,维护农民工的权益,增强农民工主体意识;创造有利于农民工市民化的良好的、宽容的社会环境;深化户籍制度改革,为农民工创造与城市居民平等的生存发展条件。     

贝叶斯模型平均法在流域组合预报中的应用

基于贝叶斯模型法的计算框架,应用概率论和统计学的方法针对多个单一子流域水文模型进行分析处理,得到了较为精确的预报结果。该方法与以往单一预报模拟方法相比,具有综合、完整的优点,基于贝叶斯模型平均法的水文模型组合预报可以给出精度较高的预报模拟结果。     

1981年8～9月黄河上游强连阴雨期水汽输送分析

对黄河上游兰州以上区域１９８１年８￣９月强连阴雨期主要降水时段水汽输送的计算和分析表明，这次降雨的水汽来自孟加拉湾，由５００ｈＰａ低槽前的西南气流输送水汽；降雨区内水汽的经向辐合是水汽辐合的主要过程，纬向辐散是水汽输出的主要机制，降雨中高原地形和垂直运动也明显影响了水汽输送和降雨；该区域水汽净输送量约占实测降雨量的９２％。