Arc Hydro模型提取流域水文信息及精度分析——以松花江流域为例

流域水文模型已成为流域水文信息提取的重要手段。运用Arc Hydro模型以松花江流域为研究对象,以分辨率为90 m的SRTM DEM为数据源,以松花江流域1∶25万水系矢量数据为参照,分别在400,500和600 km2三个不同集水面积阈值下进行河网提取。运用图像比对软件Alike Duplicate Image Finder对所提取河网进行精度分析。结果显示:集水面积阈值为500 km2下提取的河网最为精确。在500 km2集水面积阈值基础上,运用Arc Hydro模型将松花江流域划分为642个子流域。基于Arc Hydro模型提取的松花江流域河网与实际河网基本一致,说明利用该模型进行流域水文信息提取是合理可行的。     

An Initial Inventory and Indexation of Groundwater Mega-Depletion Cases

The state of groundwater systems worldwide is presently not well defined, and in particular there is little context for agencies responsible for managing water resources to evaluate occurrences of groundwater depletion against other cases globally. In this study, an initial inventory of groundwater depletion problems is compiled and ranked to identify the world’s most critical cases, i.e. situations of groundwater mega-depletion. The ranking is based on an indexed approach that considers overdraft, drawdown and subsidence, plus the importance of the resources in terms of population-dependency and rates of extraction. The five most highly ranked depleted aquifers of the world include the shallow aquifers of the Hai River Plain (China), the Altiplano region (Spain), the Mexico Basin (Mexico), the Huang River basin (China) and the California Central Valley (USA). An abridged account of modelling to assess drawdown is described for the Hai River Plain, revealing that despite recharge in the order of 13,000 GL/yr, an overdraft of about 8,000 GL/yr is occurring to support the vast population of the region. This has led to up to 100 m of drawdown in places and reports of subsidence of several metres. The Hai River situation demonstrates that falling water levels may not act to alleviate pumping stresses; a symptom of unchecked extraction and an exemplary illustration of the tragedy of the commons. The causal factors leading to mega-depletion are varying across the globe and each mega-depletion case contains unique elements, although population appears to be an important factor.     

秦巴地区生态分区的初步研究

秦巴地区在我国生态保护中具有重要的战略意义,其生态分区可为生态系统管理和自然资源可持续利用提供科学依据。针对秦巴地区存在的水污染、水土流失和地质灾害等生态环境问题,以该地区的地形特征、植被状况、气候条件和人类活动因子等作为生态分区指标,并采用主成分分析的定量分析方法,建立了指标体系。利用GIS技术中的空间分析和叠加分析技术,将秦巴地区划分成3个一级分区、5个二级分区和11个三级分区。依据分区结果,对各个分区的生态特征及问题进行了分析,提出了生态环境保护建议。     

Compound stabilization/solidification of MSWI fly ash with trimercapto-s-triazine and cement

A new treatment technology of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is presented in this paper. Feasibility of solidification/stabilization treatment of MSWI by successively adding trimercapto-s-triazine and cement, and the effect of addition, fly ash size and curing time were studied by batch tests. The results showed that MSWI posed a huge environmental risk, the partial distribution showed normal distribution approximately. Treatment of fly ash with trimercapto-s-triazine and cement showed a good effect, the leaching toxicity of treated fly ash solidified blocks with 2% trimercapto-s-triazine and 20% cement could meet the standard for pollution control on the landfill site of MSW in China after curing for 7 days, and the flexural strength of solidified blocks could reach 2.4 MPa. Ground fly ash had a positive effect on both leaching toxicity and strength.     

吉沙水电站施工总布置设计

吉沙水电站为长引水式电站,主要由混凝土闸坝、水道系统和地面厂房等组成,根据枢纽布置特点及施工支洞布置方案,结合工程实际情况,并考虑其他因素,施工总布置采用集中与分散相结合的布置方式。经过施工实践检验,设计规划的施工总布置方案满足工程建设的需要。     

ADCP测流技术及使用中应注意的几个问题

传统测流方法手段落后、信息化水平低,不能很好地适应新时期水文测报快速、准确、精度高、任务多的要求。ADCP测流仪器的引进较好地解决了这一问题。作为新型测流仪器,ADCP测流方式、使用方法、适应条件等与传统仪器有很大区别,本文通过分析ADCP测流原理、使用过程中容易出现的问题,提出了ADCP测流中需要注意的一些事项。     

溢洪道底板空蚀发生位置及抗空蚀措施分析

以肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程为例,通过水工模型试验,测试其设计水位工况下和泄洪消能标准水位工况下溢洪道泄洪时底板的流速及压力分布,并根据空化理论模型对其底板沿程空化数进行了计算。结果表明:可以通过溢洪道流速特性和底板压力分布来分析过流面的空化空蚀特点;在实际工程中,可采用优化过流面的体形、设置掺气减蚀设施、控制溢流面的不平整度以及使用抗空蚀材料等方法来防止空化和空蚀的发生。     

黄河下游城市供水管网水质保障技术研究与示范

课题针对黄河下游地区供水管网水质共性问题,以饮用水安全保障为目标,对基于水质保障的供水管网仿真建模与水质模拟分析、水质多因子评估与综合优化改造、多水源切换供水条件下的优化运行等技术进行了研究。研发了"城市供水安全保障平台"、"城市供水优化运行系统"及"基于智能化遗传算法的给水管网优化改造设计系统",建立了黄河下游地区供水管网水质保障体系。通过在济南示范区管网的应用与示范,为我国城市供水管网的科学管理、运行及水质安全保障提供了重要的技术支持。     

反渗透深度处理维生素C凝结水的中试研究

针对沈阳某药厂维生素C生产工艺中凝结水产量大、处理成本高和杂质复杂等问题,提出了采用反渗透技术对工艺凝结水进行处理.通过建立中试规模膜装置,在间歇试验和连续试验的基础上,分析了膜通量、压力、运行时间、电导率、总有机碳(TOC)等指标关系,研究了运行临界通量、清洗方式等工艺条件.反渗透系统处理效果明显,脱盐率和TOC去除率分别维持在99.9％和99％以上,该工艺切实可行.     

我国部分城市供水管网漏损现状分析

对我国620个城市2008年的管网漏损相关数据进行了统计和处理,分析几处典型代表地域管网漏损情况,并对辽宁省和广东省供水管网漏损原因进行了简要分析,发现相比于国外城市我国供水管网漏损严重,珠三角地区的管网漏损情况普遍好于全国平均水平。