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To evaluate non revenue water (NRW) and losses in water distribution networks a methodology is developed by applying “annual
water balance” and “minimum night flow” analyses. In this approach the main NRW components such as leakage from reported and
un-reported bursts and background leakage, with real or estimated data, enabling assessment of indices of leakage performance
are evaluated. Also, a novel procedure is introduced in this paper that can determine the nodal and pipe leakage by using
a hydraulic simulation model. Recognising the pressure dependency of leakage the total consumption is divided into two parts,
one pressure dependent and the other independent of local pressure, and the hydraulic behaviour of the network is analyzed.
A computer code is developed to evaluate all components of water losses based on the proposed methodology. For better representation
of the results and management of the system, the outputs are exported to a GIS model. Using the capabilities of this GIS model,
the network map and attribute data are linked and factors affecting network leakage are identified. In addition, the effects
of pressure reduction are investigated. The model is illustrated by a real case study. The results show that the suggested
model has overcome the shortcomings of the existing methodologies by accounting for the leakage and other NRW components in
water distribution networks more realistically. 相似文献