The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu 1943 reported from the western basin of Lake Erie

The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943 has been reported as an introduced species at several locations in the western hemisphere. In the United States, reports of this exotic species are restricted to localities in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Washington D.C. This report documents a new record of occurrence for M. pehpeiensis from the western basin of Lake Erie. The detection of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie constitutes the first record of this species from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and the northernmost record in the western hemisphere. The species was found in 2016, 2017 and 2018, including females with egg sacs, and can therefore be considered established in the area. The occurrence of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie suggests that this Asian copepod may be more widely distributed in North America than is currently understood.     

Identifying and classifying Great Lakes ship transits using a state machine approach

Invasive, aquatic organisms have entered the North America Great Lakes from ships' ballast water, often originating from Europe. Current approaches for preventing the introduction of such organisms in ballast water include ballast water treatment (BWT) or ballast water exchange (BWE). This paper examines BWE, which is conducted in (1) waters >200 nautical miles (nm) from shore, or (2) waters >50?nm from shore and >200?m deep. We used historical records of ships transiting from Europe to the Great Lakes during one year (2014) to determine the duration (in days) that ships were within waters that met the criteria for BWE. Ship paths were classified based upon transitions between location-assigned “states” (e.g., from European waters across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America), and from these state transitions, four types of routes were identified. On average, ships sailing these routes had between 3.5 and 4.7 d to perform BWE in areas >200?nm from shore and 4.7 to 6.2 d when >50?nm from shore and >200-m deep water. Conducting BWE in daylight hours, if deemed necessary for safety, shortened the time window for BWE, especially in winter months, by approximately 50–70%. The state “machine” approach could, in the future, be used to identify ships from specific regions (e.g., ports within waterways at high risk of harboring potentially invasive species). Reshaping the definition of regional boundaries based upon time-of-year, water temperature, or other variables would further refine the ability to identify high-risk transits.     

The ethics of corporate governance

The failure of the critics of corporate governance to agree on what should be done to improve the governance process can, in most cases, be traced to a different understanding of the role of corporate directors in that process. This article analyzes and contrasts the obligations of directors under two legal theories, the fictional person theory and the organic theory, of the corporation. A comparison of the director's obligations under each theory indicates that the organic theory provides a better basis for assessing the performance of directors and initiating reform.Among the boards of directors of Fortune 500 companies, I estimate that 95% are not fully doing what they are legally, morally, and ethically supposed to do. And they couldn't, even if they wanted to.E. Eugene Arthur, S.J., is Associate Professor of Management and Economics at Rockhurst College. He is a Visiting Fellow at Trinity Center for Ethics and Corporate Policy.     

Corporate conscience and foreign divestment decisions

The rational-agent frame of reference for the analysis of corporate strategic decision-making may be expanded to a moral-agent perspective where decision content is seen as comprising both commercial and ethical factors. Relevant factors may then be classified on the basis of the ethical decision principles to which they relate: rational-egoism, self-referential altruism or deontology. This approach is then applied to the problem of decision support for strategic divestment by MNCs. Alan E. Singer is Senior Lecturer in Business Policy and Decision Sciences at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He has written several articles which have been published in journals like Accountancy, Decision Sciences, Journal of Business Ethics and Management Research News.Nicholas van der Walt is Lecturer at the University of Canterbury.     

The corporation and profits

In this paper I argue that a theory of the firm that takes profit maximizing to be the essential activity and purpose of the firm is seriously inadequate. I argue that firms in the actual economy neither are nor should be maximizers of profit. I argue instead that firms are and must be satisficers, that they must make enough profit to satisfy the various demands which they encounter in their operation. Yet it should be clear that the notion of satisficing, while it escapes the major problems encountered by maximization, itself lacks much of any very clear content. In the end I claim that the notion of satisficing can best be understood if we abandon the traditional characterization of profits and replace it with a notion of extended profits, which I define as that part of corporate revenue which is available for distribution among stockholders, management, and labor, and for reinvestment in the corporation's business operation. David E. Schrader is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Department of Religion and Philosophy at Austin College in Sherman, Texas. Professor Schrader's primary areas of research interest include applied ethics, philosophy of economics and philosophy of religion. In addition to being the author of a number of articles in applied ethics and philosophy of religion, he is the editor of Ethics and the Practice of Law(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988).I want to express my gratitude to Austin College for granting me the sabbatical leave during which time I pursued the research which led to this paper, and to the Center for the Study of Values at the University of Delaware for providing both a place and additional support for that research. I particularly want to thank Norman E. Bowie, Director of the Center for the Study of Values, for his very helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.     

The Principle of Moral Projection: A reply to Professor Ranken

This article responds to two criticisms by Professor Nani Ranken of the Principle of Moral Projection in business ethics. In the process it enlarges upon our understanding of the moral agenda of management and the corporation as a participant in ethical transactions. Kenneth E. Goodpaster is Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard University. He has published articles in a wide variety of journals, including the Journal of Philosophy, Ethics, Environmental Ethics, the Journal of Business Ethics, Thought, and the Harvard Business Review. He has also edited or authored five books: Perspectives on Morality: Essays of William Frankena (1976) Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century (1979) Regulation, Values and the Public Interest (1980) Ethics in Management (1984) and Policies and Persons: A Casebook in Business Ethics (1985). Work in progress includes a monograph on management and moral philosophy (1987).     

International migration versus foreign investment in the presence of unemployment

"This paper extends the standard (two-factor, one-good) model of international factor movements, to include unemployment due to a minimum-income guarantee within the capital-abundant country. From this country's perspective, we establish important departures from previous (full-employment) results. Most notably, our analysis shows that: (1) free factor mobility is worse than no mobility; (2) the optimal degree of labour migration is zero; and (3) national welfare can always be maximized by an optimal flow of capital. The analysis is then extended to examine: (1) illegal migration; (2) subsidization of employment; and (3) alternative views of unemployment."     

Salute and critique: Remarks on Ratchford and Gupta's analysis of price-quality relations

The author argues that the assumptions contained in the model constructed by Ratchford and Gupta in an earlier issue of this journal are highly unrealistic. These assumptions concern the nature, extent, and outcome of consumer search. In the opinion of the author, Ratchford and Gupta's conclusion that the lack of a price-quality correlation is most likely not the most important determinant of consumer losses, is a child of the assumptions of the model. Had Ratchford and Gupta made the more realistic assumption that consumers search little, the typical near-zero correlation between price and quality would probably have been a very important determinant of losses.

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Zusammenfassung Respekt und Kritik: Bemerkungen zur Analyse der Beziehungen zwischen Preis und Qualität von Ratchford und Gupta. Soweit sich der Autor kritisch mit dem genannten Aufsatz auseinandersetzt, wendet er sich vor allem gegen die Annahmen des Modells der beiden Autoren. Diese Annahmen betreffen die Art, das Ausma\ und das Ergebnis der Informationssuche von Konsumenten. Nach Auffassung dieses Autors ist die Schlu\folgerung des ursprünglichen Beitrages, die niedrige Preis-Qualitäts-Korrelation sei nämlich nicht der wichtigste Faktor von Kaufkraftverlusten der Konsumenten, lediglich eine Implikation dieser unrealistischen Modellannahmen. Hätten Ratchford und Gupta die wirklichkeitsnähere Annahme gemacht, da\ Konsumenten wenig Information suchen, wäre die typische geringe Korrelation zwischen Preis und Qualität ein sehr wesentlicher Bestimmungsfaktor für Kaufkraftverluste gewesen.

     

用于高频的新颖开关电容积分器

本文研究了用于开关电容(SC)滤波器的离散积分器,所推荐的积分器是由无耗离散积分器(LDI)和双线性离散积分器的最佳线性结合而成,因此,称之为组合离散积分器(CDI)。由于这个积分器使正常转折频率增加一倍,并使高频离散积分器误差减少到最低限度,所以它对高频应用是理想的。文中给出了组合离散积分器的几种SC实现,并且还给出了以组合离散积分器为基础,模拟一般一阶和二阶的模拟滤波器单元的SC电路。     

The catholic work ethic

In a recent Commentary in The International Executive (1992), Rüdiger Pieper complained that some, if not many of the (American) teachers in the new European business training institutes and schools knew relatively little about the cultures for which they were making management proposals. Further, the proposals themselves, based as they often were on American research, could not, he rightly felt, be directly applied to a business problem regardless of context. One could extend that observation to other business activities, including attitudes toward work. In particular, it would be useful to consider the “work ethic,” as it applies to Americans working abroad, and inquire about how it might affect international executives when they come to America.