Exploring the potential synergistic effects of chemical disinfectants and UV on the inactivation of free-living bacteria and treatment of biofilms in a pilot-scale system

The main objective of this study is to explore possible synergistic or additive effects of combinations of chemical disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide) and UV in their efficacy in inactivating free-living bacteria and removing biofilms. In contrast to most studies, this study examines disinfection of municipal water in a pilot-scale system using a mixed bacterial suspension, which enables a better simulation of the conditions encountered in actual industrial environments. It was shown that the combination of either hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, or chlorine dioxide with UV yielded additive effects on the inactivation of free-living bacteria. Actual synergy was observed for the combination of UV and 5 ppm hydrogen peroxide. Regarding biofilm treatment, additive effects were observed using the combination of hydrogen peroxide and UV. The promising results obtained in this study indicate that the combination of UV and chemical disinfectants can considerably reduce the amount of chemicals required for the effective disinfection and treatment of biofilms.     

Spatial and seasonal variations and ecotoxicological significance of sediment trace metal concentrations in Kebir-Rhumel basin (Northeast of Algeria)

This study sought to assess sediment contamination by trace metals (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc), to localize contaminated sites and to identify environmental risk for aquatic organisms in Wadis of Kebir Rhumel basin in the Northeast of Algeria. Water and surficial sediments (0-5 cm) were sampled in winter, spring, summer and autumn from 37 sites along permanent Wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. Sediment trace metal contents were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Trace metals median concentrations in sediments followed a decreasing order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Extreme values (dry weights) of the trace metals are as follows: 0.6-3.4 microg/g for Cd, 10-216 microg/g for Cr, 9-446 microg/g for Cu, 3-20 microg/g for Co, 105-576 microg/g for Mn, 10-46 microg/g for Ni, 11-167 microg/g for Pb, and 38-641 microg/g for Zn. According to world natural concentrations, all sediments collected were considered as contaminated by one or more elements. Comparing measured concentrations with American guidelines (Threshold Effect Level: TEL and Probable Effect Level: PEL) showed that biological effects could be occasionally observed for cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel levels but frequently observed for copper and zinc levels. Sediment quality was shown to be excellent for cobalt and manganese but medium to bad for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc regardless of sites.     

Poyang Lake basin: a successful, large-scale integrated basin management model for developing countries

Protection of water environment while developing socio-economy is a challenging task for lake regions of many developing countries. Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China, with its total drainage area of 160,000 km2. In spite of rapid development of socio-economy in Poyang Lake region in the past several decades, water in Poyang Lake is of good quality and is known as the "last pot of clear water" of the Yangtze River Basin in China. In this paper, the reasons of "last pot of clear water" of Poyang Lake were analysed to demonstrate how economic development and environmental protection can be coordinated. There are three main reasons for contributing to this coordinated development: 1) the unique geomorphologic features of Poyang Lake and the short water residence time; 2) the matching of the basin physical boundary with the administrative boundary; and 3) the implementation of "Mountain-River-Lake Program" (MRL), with the ecosystem concept of "mountain as source, river as connection flow, and lake as storage". In addition, a series of actions have been taken to coordinate development, utilisation, management and protection in the Poyang Lake basin. Our key experiences are: considering all basin components when focusing on lake environment protection is a guiding principle; raising the living standard of people through implementation of various eco-economic projects or models in the basin is the most important strategy; preventing soil and water erosion is critical for protecting water sources; and establishing an effective governance mechanism for basin management is essential. This successful, large-scale basin management model can be extended to any basin or lake regions of developing countries where both environmental protection and economic development are needed and coordinated.     

Spectrophotometric characterization of human impacted surface waters in the Moselle watershed

In order to characterize the pollution discharged into the Moselle River and some of its tributaries, spectroscopic techniques, namely UV-vis spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, have been combined. UV-visible spectra were analysed using the maximum of the second derivative at 225 nm (related to nitrates), the SUVA254 and E2/E3 indices (related to the nature of organic matter). Synchronous fluorescence spectra (delta lambda = 50 nm) presented different shapes depending upon the type of pollution. The pollution results from anthropogenic activities: untreated domestic sewage due to misconnections in a periurban river, effluent from urban WWTPS, agricultural runoff (nitrates) in several streams, discharge from a paper mill (humic-like substances due to wood processing) and from steel mills (PAHs).     

抽水蓄能技术的优势

抽水蓄能除了其常规效益外,相比其他蓄能技术更具优势,并可以解决可再生能源的间歇性问题,为此世界上许多国家都计划大力发展抽水蓄能。简要介绍了环球数据中心有关抽水蓄能的最新报告、西班牙抽水蓄能的发展情况及全球发展趋势。最后指出,在快速发展的可再生能源技术中,抽水蓄能将会得到越来越多的关注。     

巴西的水管理改革综述

10a来,巴西一直在努力尝试实施水资源综合管理（IWRM）。水经济学及公众参与等国际公认的原则对该国水资源使用和保护方面的法规体系的革新有所影响。然而,尽管在政策和法规方面有所变化,新旧管理问题的解决时机一直受挫于体制改革中的内部矛盾。对南帕拉伊巴（ParaibadoSul）河的实例研究表明尚有分歧存在,一方面呼吁权力下放和责任分担,另一方面,官僚主义和排他性的做法持续存在。主要症结在于,新河流域委员会将过多的精力花费在推行用水计价和环境收费这一颇具争议的政策工具上,而欠考虑解决河流恢复、公众动员和环境相关方面的问题。     

加拿大托巴蒙特罗斯水电工程建设经验

对加拿大托巴蒙特罗斯（TobaMontrose）水电工程的建设进展进行了详细描述。该工程由两座电站组成,以EPC总包形式开发建设。介绍了工程开发背景、融资模式、审批程序,以及设计创新情况,重点强调了当地社区参与及尽量减轻工程环境影响的重要性。对该工程成功建设实施的经验进行了归纳总结。     

西班牙灌溉现代化对水质和水量的影响研究

以西班牙埃布罗（Ebro）河流域为例,分析了灌溉现代化过程对水量和水质的影响,旨在对优化农业用水进行深入分析和讨论,研究过程使用了基于水量核算的概念性方法。结果表明,如果灌区的位置和灌溉回流水质允许再次使用回流水,则灌溉现代化仍涉及耗水量增加的问题。另外,灌溉现代化减少了灌溉回流的水量和污染物的含量,提高了接收水体的水质。水管理现代化是使新的灌溉基础设施所产生的经济、社会和环境效益最大化的需要。     

抽水蓄能机组设计经验

抽水蓄能电站机组的设计必须保证高峰负荷运行的高可用性和可靠性。在过去50多年间。阿尔斯通公司为提升机组运行性能、效率和可靠性,不断改进其设计。深入研究了阿尔斯通公司设计和安装可逆式抽水蓄能电站的经验。     

南亚地区农业发展状况及其对河流下游和沿岸地区的影响

农业是一项传统的产业,它为全球人口提供粮食,这一点从来没有被怀疑过。随着人类对食物需求量的增长,上游农业的持续发展对河流下游和流域的河口地区构成了威胁。在南亚,沿岸居住的人们依靠河流下游为其提供生活来源,例如农业和水产业。很多时候,河流下游会遭受到河流上游农业活动的影响。下游沿岸地区所遇到的问题包括河流干旱、地下水量枯竭、水污染和泥沙问题、盐碱化和海水入侵、土壤侵蚀和营养物质耗尽,以及滨河湿地系统的动态变化等。对当前农业实践和存在的问题及其对下游的影响进行评估,以便在南亚地区采取以流域为基础的方法进行水资源管理。