IS MONEY THE MEASURE OF WELFARE IN RUSSIA?

The transformation of a non-market to a market economy ought to change fundamentally the significance of money incomes for welfare. Whereas in a stressful non-market economy such as the former Soviet Union, non-monetized resources could substitute for money income and promote welfare, in a modern market economy money income should be a good proxy for household welfare. This article tests the extent to which Russians are now in a modern market economy by analyzing data from nationwide Russian surveys in January, 1992, and April, 1994. Modern influences are increasingly important as a determinant of the distribution of money incomes, but not as an influence upon household welfare. The "randomness" of temporary disruptions of welfare is in accord with Rawlsian principles of equity.     

Components of effective diversity training programmes

This article reports on the results of a study on the components of effective diversity training programmes as perceived by diversity experts. The major method of this research study was in-depth, open-ended telephone interviews with a panel of 12 diversity experts located throughout the USA. The purpose was to draw upon their knowledgeable insights about the topic of effective diversity training programmes. The literature that this study was based on shows that organisations have to consider training for diversity, both domestically and internationally, to a much greater extent than ever before, this is because of demographic trends, the cost of not having diversity training, and the variety and complexity of intercultural contacts throughout the world. This study also revealed the definition and goals of effective diversity training programmes. This study could have direct implications for the development and implementation of diversity training programmes for companies operating in domestic and international settings.     

International Equity and Differentiation in Global Warming Policy

ne of the major obstacles to reaching a comprehensive agreement on global warming is the setting of greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for individual countries. Long-standing tensions between industrialized and developing countries have raised the issue of equity in burden-sharing. Moreover, individual industrialized nations have pleaded special circumstances and have sought differentiation in their obligations. This paper analyzes alternative rules for distributing tradable carbon dioxide emissions permits. A non-linear programming model, which distinguishes between allocation-based and outcome-based rules, is used to analyze the relative welfare outcomes. The model is applied to the world body of nations and yields several important policy implications.     

Managing culturally diverse buyer-seller relationships: The role of intercultural disposition and adaptive selling in developing intercultural communication competence

Given the increase in cultural diversity within marketing organizations as well as within current and potential customer bases, possessing the appropriate communication skills becomes crucial to success in managing culturally diverse relationships. Although marketing researchers have recognized the importance of adaptive selling behavior for successful buyer-seller relationships, the exploration of the intercultural aspects of these relationships has only recently begun. This article examines how adaptive selling behaviors and intercultural dispositions of marketing executives contribute to their perceived intercultural communication competence. Results show that in addition to being adaptive, the intercultural disposition of a marketer is of key importance in developing intercultural communication competence. Theoretical and practical implications for incorporating intercultural communication into the development of successful buyer-seller relationships are discussed. Victoria D. Bush (Ph.D., University of Memphis) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Mississippi. Her research has appeared in such journals as theJournal of Advertising, theJournal of Advertising Research, Industrial Marketing Management, theJournal of Public Policy and Marketing, theJournal of Business Ethics, and theJournal of Services Marketing. Her research interests are in diversity, advertising, and ethics. Gregory M. Rose (Ph.D., University of Oregon) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Mississippi. His research interests include consumer socialization and cross-cultural consumer behavior. He has published or has forthcoming articles in theJournal of Consumer Research, theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Consumer Psychology, theJournal of Advertising, theJournal of Marketing, and other journals and proceedings. Faye Gilbert (Ph.D., University of North Texas) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Mississippi. She has published in theJournal of Business Research, Psychology and Marketing, theJournal of Health Care Marketing, theJournal of Research in Pharmaceutical Economics, theJournal of Applied Business Research, theJournal of Marketing Management, theJournal of Marketing Theory and Practice, and theJournal of Marketing Education, among others. Her work emphasizes the application of consumer behavior theory to health care and to channel relationships. Thomas N. Ingram (Ph.D., Georgia State University) is a professor of marketing at Colorado State University. He has been honored as the Marketing Educator of the Year by Sales and Marketing Executives International (SMEI) and as a recipient of the Mu Kappa Tau National Marketing Honor Society Recognition Award for Outstanding Scholarly Contributions to the Sales Discipline. He has served as the editor of theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management and is the current editor of theJournal of Marketing Theory and Practice. His primary research is in personal selling and sales management. His work has appeared in theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, and theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, among others. He is the coauthor of three textbooks:Professional Selling: A Trust-Based Approach, Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making, andMarketing: Principles and Perspectives.     

Nonfarm, Employment as a Response to Underemployment in Agriculture

Nonfarm employment by farm families while continuing their farm production, an employment pattern known as pluriactivity, is examined in the context of labor allocation in response to underemployment in agriculture in the province of Saskatchewan. It is fouund that the pursuit of net farm income alone compensates only about one-third of the estimated farm labor resource at its approximated opportunity cost. The level of nonfarm, employment income does not decrease consistently as farm land base increases, suggesting that an increase in land base size alone will not necessarily reduce nonfarm employment. Onfarm diversification increases labor requirements on farms but is apparently less successful in raising income levels than nonfarm employment. Proximity to urban areas is associated with a higher level of nonfam employment. L'emploi extra-agricole en complément du revenu de l'exploitation-Pratique connue sous le nom de pluriactivité–Est examiné sous l'angle de l'affectaion des ressourcesen main-d'oeuvre, par suite de la situation de sous-emploi en agricilture dans la province de Saskatchewan. On constate qur la seule recherche d'un revenu agricole net n'arrive à absorber qu'un tiers environ des ressources en main-d'oeuvre agricole disponsbles à leur coût d'option approximatif. Le niveau d'emploi extárieur ne diminue pas de façon ráguliàre avec l'accorissement de la surface agricole utile de l'exploitation ce qui porte á conclure que l'éendue de l'exploitation ne suffit pas á clle seule pour réduire la recherche de travial à l'exterieur. La diversification de l'exploitation accroit ses besoins en maind'oeure, mais elle semble moins efficace que les emplois extéieurs pour relever le niveau généal de revenue de ses membres. La proximité d'un centre urbain est associée à un plus large recours aux travaux extérieurs.     

Why so fed up and footloose in IT? Spelling out the associations between occupation and overall job satisfaction shown by WERS 2004

Analysis of the Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004 employee data shows striking differences in levels of overall job satisfaction among occupational groups. The examination is based on the 81 Minor Occupation groupings in UK Standard Occupational Classification 2000 classification. Taking a possible specific occupational effect possibly conditioned by resonance effects, as a theoretical point of departure, multivariate analysis is used to restate apparent occupational effect as occupationally bundled individual‐level variables and workplace influences—a process seen as exchanging nominal‐level measurement (names of occupations) with theoretical variables. Although 13 minor occupational groups retain statistically significant independent influence after the statistical treatment, these effects are small. Detailed illustration and specification of bundling effects and further examination of their sources take information and communications technology and communication professionals as their point of reference.