Seasonal factors influencing the failure of buried water reticulation pipes

While the use of environmental factors in the analysis and prediction of failures of buried reticulation pipes in cold environments has been the focus of extensive work, the same cannot be said for failures occurring on pipes in other (non-freezing) environments. A novel analysis of pipe failures in such an environment is the subject of this paper. An exploratory statistical analysis was undertaken, identifying a peak in failure rates during mid to late summer. This peak was found to correspond to a peak in the rate of circumferential failures, whilst the rate of longitudinal failures remained constant. Investigation into the effect of climate on failure rates revealed that the peak in failure rates occurs due to differential soil movement as the result of shrinkage in expansive soils.     

Spectrophotometric characterization of human impacted surface waters in the Moselle watershed

In order to characterize the pollution discharged into the Moselle River and some of its tributaries, spectroscopic techniques, namely UV-vis spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, have been combined. UV-visible spectra were analysed using the maximum of the second derivative at 225 nm (related to nitrates), the SUVA254 and E2/E3 indices (related to the nature of organic matter). Synchronous fluorescence spectra (delta lambda = 50 nm) presented different shapes depending upon the type of pollution. The pollution results from anthropogenic activities: untreated domestic sewage due to misconnections in a periurban river, effluent from urban WWTPS, agricultural runoff (nitrates) in several streams, discharge from a paper mill (humic-like substances due to wood processing) and from steel mills (PAHs).     

气泡羽流空隙率的计算及其不稳定规律的研究

在气液两相流中,气相和液相各自有不同的流场,而液相的速度场取决于气泡的运动特性。空隙率是气液两相流中描述气泡分散相间相互作用的一个重要的参数,通过对气泡羽流的空隙率分布分析,可了解气泡羽流的运动机理与实验条件之间的关系。本文采用图像处理的方法测量在高密度气泡下的瞬时空隙率分布。对拍摄的图片进行预处理,得到其灰度图像和灰度值,建立其局部灰度值与投影空隙率间的相关关系,进一步计算出气泡羽流的不同位置处的空隙率值分布,在此基础上分析不同工况下空隙率值的分布情况及其对气泡羽流结构的影响。结果表明：该方法适合用于气液两相流空隙率的测量,在纵横比为1.0时,气泡羽流的结构受压强影响小,羽流结构稳定;纵横比为1.5和2.0时,随着压强的增大,羽流结构呈现不稳定。     

锦屏一级水电站高拱坝混凝土快速施工技术

锦屏一级水电站大坝为世界第一高拱坝,坝顶高程1 885 m。施工中采用了多项先进技术,工程质量和建设速度在国内同类工程中处于领先地位,施工中也创造了一些先进的施工技术,对这些技术作了初步的介绍。     

波浪对水翼非稳态空泡流动特性的影响研究

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程、Singhal-Et-Al全空化模型和修正的RNG k-ε湍流模型的VOF多相流动数学模型,采用PISO算法的有限体积法和数值水池技术,对波浪作用下NACA0012水翼的非稳态空泡流动特性进行了数值研究,分析了波高和水翼浸深对水翼非稳态空泡的形态演化和脱落频率的影响.计算结果表明:空泡非稳态周期性脱落频率随波高的增加而增加,随水翼浸深的增加而逐渐减小.与无波情况相比,空泡在波谷处提前断裂,空泡形态也因为波谷下方速度场的影响而向上鼓起.由于自由液面的界面效应,空泡形态较无界情况偏扁,并且液面对脱落涡系有吸引作用.     

中国洪水预报系统在贝江勾滩洪水预报中的应用

采用中国洪水预报系统的应用平台建立贝江勾滩水文站降雨径流模型洪水预报方案,利用系统自动进行模型参数的率定,该方案在精度的评定及实际应用中取得较满意的效果,解决了勾滩站长期没有洪水预报方案指导防洪的迫切的问题,为中国洪水预报在柳江流域的应用积累了经验.     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

供水管网中压力真实值的批次平差算法

分析了测压点优化布置的意义及原则,并根据供水周期性,依靠数量有限的测压点压力数据,结合管网的水力计算,利用传统的平差原理,将测压点以外的其它节点压力进行真实性校正,推算出了管网各节点的真实压力值,实现了通过有限测压点数据对管网所有节点压力的全面了解。     

三角形迷宫流道滴灌灌水器结构参数及水力特性研究

以滴灌灌水器三角形迷宫流道结构为研究单元,利用均匀设计方法,结合计算流体动力学软件Fluent6.2对流道内部流体的流动进行了数值模拟,通过多元回归计算,获得流道各结构参数与流量系数和流态指数的量化关系。分析这一量化关系表明,流道转角与流量成负相关,与流态指数成正相关;流道宽与流量成正相关,与流态指数成负相关;齿高与流量成负相关,与流态指数成正相关。同时分析了灌水器内部流道的水力性能和流场特性,为三角形迷宫流道滴灌灌水器的研发提供了相应的理论依据。