拱肋间距对喷混凝土拱肋加固效应的影响研究

喷混凝土拱肋是加固软弱围岩的一种有效支护形式,其间距主要根据经验确定,可能偏大或偏小。为了揭示拱肋间距对加筋拱肋加固效应的影响,采用基于有限差分法的FLAC3D软件对施工期某地下厂房交通洞软弱围岩在拱肋间距分别在1.0―5.0m之间变化情况下变形、应力和屈服区等分布规律进行了对比仿真模拟。仿真结果表明:拱肋间距越大,围岩变形、顶拱最大主压应力和塑性屈服区越大,拱肋承受荷载越大;且拱肋间距介于2.0―3.0m时,能充分发挥围岩自承作用和拱肋支护潜力,围岩变形稳定满足要求,支护成本最低。本文的研究成果为确定喷混凝土拱肋合理间距提供了重要参考。     

Longitudinal and temporal water temperature patterns in the Yangtze River and its influence on spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835)

In this study, water temperature longitudinal and temporal patterns were investigated in four locations of the Yangtze River to identify their influence on spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835). The results showed that, historically (1960–1980), the four locations, Pingshan (PS, 2,687 river kilometres [rkm]), Yichang (YC, 1,640 rkm), Chenglingji (CLJ, 1,265 rkm), and Hukou (HK, 805 rkm), all had similar average annual water temperatures (around 18.0 °C) but very different amplitudes: The upper two locations, PS (11.4–23.2 °C) and YC (9.1–25.9 °C), were relatively stable and had smaller amplitude than the lower two ones, CLJ (6.0–30.0 °C) and HK (5.9–30.8 °C). On the basis of the physiological effects for Chinese sturgeon, we defined three water temperature ranges: stressing (>23 °C), holding (23–20 °C), and spawning (20–16 °C). We found that the upper two locations with successful spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (PS and YC) had short or no stressing period but long holding and spawning periods. Currently (2013–2016), the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir increases the time for water temperature decreasing to 20 °C at the current spawning ground (YC) in autumn, which increases the stressing and holding periods, and has significant negative impact on the spawning of Chinese sturgeon. Nonetheless, considering the very high stressing temperature and the short duration of the holding and spawning periods at CLJ and HK, we propose that YC is still the most suitable spawning location for the Chinese sturgeon.     

Flood Inundation Modelling for Mid‐Lower Brisbane Estuary

This study utilizes a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model to calibrate and validate an inundation model for the Brisbane River estuary in Queensland, Australia. The bathymetry data used in the hydraulic model are derived from one arc second (1 s) shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model, and the two‐dimensional hydraulic model is parameterized using the generated bathymetry with four open boundaries with water level observations and roughness coefficients. The calibration performance is evaluated by comparing the simulated results with the digitized records during the January 2013 flood event (a low magnitude event) at three gauging stations. The calibrated model is validated with water level data and available discharge data during the January 2011 flood (a large magnitude event) at four gauging stations located along the Brisbane River. Different performance indices are applied to demonstrate that the developed model performs well during calibration and validation. A sensitivity analysis is presented to assess the influence of riverbed elevation changes on the model because the main uncertainty of the model is the bathymetry data. The proposed model with the shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model‐derived riverbed elevation for the Brisbane estuary is able to predict the flood inundation extent at an accuracy of 66.9% which is higher than or comparable with the accuracies of the existing studies. However, it is expected that the accuracy will increase if some improved bathymetry data become available in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物综合毒性监测技术进展与多源生物预警体系

为进一步推动生物综合毒性监测技术的应用,对发光菌、藻类、溞类和鱼类作为指示生物进行生物综合毒性测试的研究进展进行了总结,分析了4种指示生物在综合毒性测试中的优点与不足,发现了不同指示生物在检测范围、检测时间及检测限方面存在的明显差异。研究结果表明:相对于现实复杂的污染物构成现状,单一指示生物难以全面、高效、客观地检测评价污染物的毒性,需要将4种指示生物进行联合预警,充分发挥不同指示生物的优势,才能达到最佳的预警效果。在已有研究的基础上提出了多源生物联合预警技术体系,并在丹江口水源区对17种常见典型污染物进行了测试研究。测试结果表明,多源生物预警技术能显著提高预警效率。     

基于变权灰色关联法的长江荆南三口地区水资源短缺程度分析

对荆南三口地区水资源短缺程度进行分析研究,为实现区域水资源可持续合理利用提供科学依据。在水资源短缺评价研究中,前期研究成果大多采用常权法确定评价指标,致使评价指标产生状态失衡。将变权理论引入到水资源短缺程度分析中,从而确定评价指标变权重,并结合灰色关联法,构建水资源短缺程度分析的变权灰色关联法模型并加以应用。最终得出荆南三口地区三县的水资源短缺程度均为轻度缺水,其缺水程度排序为:华容县南县安乡县。利用变权灰色关联法计算水资源短缺程度,方法可行,结果合理,满足了评价指标均衡性要求。     

横梁风电场风机基础选型研究

根据横梁风电场的气象和地形地质条件等基本资料,风机塔筒与风机基础采用预应力锚栓组合件进行连接,对梁板式预应力锚栓基础与传统的圆形扩展基础进行了技术经济比较。梁板式预应力锚栓基础整体安全性更好,可减少基础的钢筋与混凝土用量,节约工程投资183.5万元,即技术可行,经济合理。     

金平水电站坝型比选研究

根据金平水电站坝址的水文气象和地形地质条件等基本资料,对砾石土心墙堆石坝和沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝进行技术经济比较。沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝防渗土料工程量小,施工环节少,占用土地少,环境影响小,施工技术成熟,工程投资省745万元,故采用了沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝方案,金平水电站已投产发电,运行良好。     

乌苏里江流域TRMM降水数据精度评价与修正

将地面站点观测的降水数据作为基准降水数据,评估汛期热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)降水产品3B42研究型数据(V7)与实时降水数据(RT)的日以及月尺度数据在黑龙江省乌苏里江流域的时空精度。结果表明:在时间尺度上,TRMM 3B42V7与3B42RT的日降水数据与站点降水数据相比,均系统性偏小,且相关性不是很好;相对而言,3B42RT与站点数据的偏差程度较小,相关性较好;月尺度数据与日尺度数据相比,月数据精度均有很大提高,且2种产品数据精度相差不大;在空间尺度上,TRMM 3B42V7和3B42RT都能较好地展现乌苏里江流域降水的空间分布特征。针对评估结果,使用加法和乘法模型对TRMM 3B42V7和3B42RT的月降水数据进行修正。修正后,2种TRMM卫星降水产品的月降水数据精度均有提高,并且加法模型修正效果更好。因此,可选取加法模型修正后的3B42RT月尺度降水数据用于汛期乌苏里江流域的相关水文研究。     

基于正交设计的黄池沟退水道弯道体型优化的数值模拟分析

为探求黄池沟退水道弯道的合理体型,采用正交设计与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了体型参数对弯道水流的影响。选取弯道宽度、弯道曲率半径、纵向坡度3个主要影响参数按正交试验设计,确定了9组正交试验方案,利用经水工模型试验结果验证的数学模型对正交试验方案进行模拟,分析了体型参数对弯道及下游陡坡段横向水位差的影响。结果表明,3个体型参数影响作用由大到小依次为纵向坡度、弯道宽度和弯道曲率半径;坡度为显著影响因素,且平坡最佳,弯道曲率半径和弯道宽度影响不显著,据此推荐合理体型参数为坡度取0,弯道宽度和弯道曲率半径采用原设计值。     

一种安全校正策略的优化模型

根据电网安全校正策略的某优化模型对电力系统进行了合理的简化,将发电机和负荷的参数调整问题转化为建立、求解非线性的连续和二元混合规划问题。模型根据设置的复杂约束条件和合理的目标函数,通过求解数学模型得出合理有效的安全校正方案,并进行在线安全校正,在短时间内恢复系统正常运行,避免连锁故障的发生,有较好的安全性和合理性。