WTO成员关于ESM必要性的立场之原因探析(上)

WTO成员就ESM机制的必要性问题在长达10年的谈判中仍未达成共识。本文详细阐述了成员方在此问题上的两种对立观点,并深入分析了成员方不同立场形成的原因。指出经济的考虑是影响成员方立场的最直接的因素,政治的因素是最根本的原因;对GATS前景的不确定动摇着谈判者的决心,而对过度滥用ESM的心理恐惧又阻碍着发达国家支持ESM机制;此外,概念性难题和统计上的困难也是困扰ESM必要性的技术性原因。但是,ESM机制不会因此丧失其存在的必要性。     

“双二元短缺约束”下中国经济的阶段性特征

2005年以后,中国结束了长达50多年的短缺经济,进入产能过剩与资源约束为主的新短缺经济阶段,主要体现为＂生产资料与生活资料生产能力双过剩＂和＂资源性生产要素与基础设施、公共服务供给双短缺＂并存。1978年改革开放以后,中国经济经历了一个从短缺经济——后短缺经济——新短缺经济的演化过程。第一,1978-1996年,短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的双短缺;第二,1996-2005年,后短缺阶段,主要表现为生活资料基本过剩,而生产资料存在短缺和不足;第三,2005年以后,新短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的＂双过剩＂,资源约束与市场约束＂双约束＂逐渐成为我国经济发展的主要制约性因素。     

我国乡镇治理模式的演变及启示

乡镇治理模式创新对解决"三农问题"具有重要意义,对实现国民经济协调可持续发展具有重要的作用.建国以来我国乡镇治理模式经历了三个阶段:"议政合一制"时期,人民公社的"政社合一制"时期,"乡政村治"时期.对乡镇治理模式沿革的回顾,可以发现一些有益性启示.     

铁路运输企业业绩评价与激励机制的研究

根据铁路运输企业业绩评价和激励机制的现状,分析现行业绩考核制度的优点和缺陷,提出形成上级管理部门与下级企业相互约束或促进的激励体制,完善经营业绩评价考核指标体系;建立更加合理的工资、奖金和福利分配体系等,完善铁路业绩评价与激励机制的建议。     

Welfare Effects of Technological Convergence in Processed Food Industries

We develop a monopolistic competition model to investigate effects of international technological convergence on factor rewards, output composition, and welfare. Comparative static analysis indicates technological convergence improves the follower's—but impairs the leader's—international competitiveness. The leader's welfare improves unambiguously; the follower's welfare depends on the relative strength of convergence's income and terms-of-trade effects. We use data from seventeen food industries in thirty countries, 1993–2001, to test these analytical predictions. Evidence of convergence is found in thirteen of seventeen industries. Convergence lifts followers' relative wages and global value-added shares. Followers benefit from convergence's positive income effect. Leaders benefit from higher terms of trade.     

资本资产定价模型（CAPM）应用问题研究

资本资产定价模型使投资组合理论在整个经济学领域得到广泛的应用,但理论与实际背离的情况经常发生。他们研究发现其原因就是模型基本假设与经济环境的不符,并通过比较分析给出控制应用风险,改善投资环境的种种建议。     

经济全球化对我国企业营销的影响与对策

为了更好地迎接经济全球化的挑战 ,我国企业应采取一系列有效的营销对策 :加大实施多元化、专业化战略力度 ,迅速扩大我国企业的规模 ;建立战略联盟 ,增强企业国际竞争力 ;严格按国际惯例开展营销活动 ,争创一批国际名牌 ;利用国际互联网 ,大力开展网络营销 ;加强管理 ,按国际化标准培养市场营销人才。     

Chinese tourists' views of nature and natural landscape interpretation: a generational perspective

This study investigates Chinese tourists’ views of nature, interest in animal experiences and their preferred natural landscape interpretation content from a generational perspective. Eight hundred and eight self-administered questionnaires were collected at Wulingyuan, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site, in China. It suggests that overall Chinese traditional cultural values and beliefs, notably the thinking of tian ren he yi (oneness of nature with humans), still have considerable impacts on Chinese tourists. They were found to have a strong sense of connection with nature and a preference for cultural interpretations of natural landscapes. Meanwhile, Chinese might be reaching a point of convergence in terms of attitude towards nature and animals with their Western counterparts, as reflected by their weak anthropocentric view, and strong ethical and aesthetic appreciation of animals, regardless of generation cohorts. Yet, the study shows significant generational gaps: older generations have a stronger connection with nature, are more concerned about environmental issues and show more support for the Western approach towards nature protection; the younger generations hold weaker anthropocentrism, and are more interested in animals, yet are less likely to learn about nature through tourism interpretation.     

Examining the efficacy of self-classification approach in segmenting special-interest tourists: food tourism case

Self-classification is used as an a priori approach to tourist typology and market segmentation. However, skepticism still surrounds its ability to incorporate the multidimensionality of tourist behavior. This study seeks to empirically verify the efficacy of a single-item self-classification approach. The robustness of this self-classification measure is examined by comparing it to a data-driven multidimensional psychographic approach in terms of its ability to predict the behaviors of tourists toward food-related destination consumption. Results suggest that the single-item self-classification approach performs equally well as the psychographic approach in segmenting food-related consumption behaviors. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.     

创业公司如何在大公司面前“虎口夺食”?

我一直对苹果的产品情有独钟,2007年9月我买了第一代iPhone,但是发现手机里的照片和备忘录等都没办法拷贝到电脑中。为了解决这些问题,我自己利用业余时间写了几个小程序,从10月份开始陆续上传到了威锋网上,并最终把这些工具的功能集中起来,开发了一款名为