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991.
992.
This paper describes the concepts of unearned privilege and favoritism and tests if there are differences in managerial attitudes
towards the use of these behaviors based on respondent gender. Respondents included 180 managers employed with a large retail
organization located in the southern part of the United States. The results indicate that female managers more strongly disapproved
of the use of unearned privilege in making promotion decisions and more strongly disapproved of the decision to use favoritism
in decision making related to customer relations. The results also indicated that male managers were less likely to disapprove
of the use of unearned privilege when they had greater years of management experience. In addition, the most experienced female
managers reported disapproval levels for the use favoritism in decision making related to customer relations equal to that
of the most experienced male managers. 相似文献
993.
Labour economists typically assume that pay differences between occupations can be explained with variations in productivity. The empirical evidence on the validity of this assumption is surprisingly thin and subject to various potential biases. The authors use matched employer-employee panel data from Belgium for the years 1999–2006 to examine occupational productivity-wage gaps. They find that occupations play distinct roles for remuneration and productivity: while the estimations indicate a significant upward-sloping occupational wage-profile, the hypothesis of a flat productivity-profile cannot be rejected. The corresponding pattern of over- and underpayment stands up to a series of robustness tests. 相似文献
994.
Valentina Bosetti Carlo Carraro Massimo Tavoni 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2012,51(3):353-369
This paper analyzes the economic and investment implications of a series of climate mitigation scenarios, characterized by
different levels of ambition for long-term stabilization goals and transitional pathways. Results indicate that although milder
climate objectives can be achieved at moderate costs, stringent stabilization paths, compatible with the 2°C target, might
require significant economic resources. Innovation and technology are shown to be able to mitigate, but not structurally alter,
this trade-off. Technologies that allow capturing CO2 from the atmosphere are shown to be important for expanding the feasibility space of stringent climate policies, though only
if deployed at a scale which would represent a tremendous challenge. In general, the analysis indicates that the timing of
mitigation is an important factor of cost containment, with early action being desirable. It also elaborates on the set of
mitigation strategies and policies that would be required to achieve climate protection at maximum efficiency. 相似文献
995.
Entrepreneurship and the theory of taxation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A review of the literature on firm taxation reveals that the economics of entrepreneurship has not sufficiently been taken
into consideration. We discuss how this affects conclusions derived from standard models of capital taxation when applied
to entrepreneurial income. Some defining features of entrepreneurship important for analyzing the effects of taxation of owner-managed
firms are identified. These include the lack of a well-functioning external market for entrepreneurial effort, limited access
to external capital and complementarities between entrepreneurial innovation, effort and capital. Due to these constraints,
the entrepreneurial project is tied to the individual owner–manager. The entrepreneur is unable to decouple saving decisions
from investment decisions, and makes joint decisions on the supply of effort and capital. The return from successful entrepreneurial
ventures can therefore not be readily divided into labor and capital income, in deep contrast to what is typically assumed
in taxation theory. It is argued that when distinct attributes of entrepreneurship are taken into account, certain conclusions
of capital taxation models may no longer hold, including the neutrality of capital taxation in owner-managed firms. Cost of
capital formulas derived from the behavior of public firms could underestimate distortions when applied to the investment
behavior of entrepreneurial firms. For tax purposes and otherwise, it becomes useful to analyze return to entrepreneurial
activity as income of a distinct factor of production. In this context, conceptual issues and the difficulties of measuring
entrepreneurial income are discussed. 相似文献
996.
Frank Schumann Gabriele Tammen-Parr Hanna Löhmannsröben Ralf Armin Jarosch 《Heilberufe》2011,63(2):24-25
M?ngeln in der h?uslichen Pflege pr?ventiv begegnen – Vertrauen ohne Kontrolle, Routine, überforderung oder das Nichtbeachten
des Beziehungsgeflechtes zwischen Pflegenden und Gepflegten führt oft zu Problemen. Der Gesetzgeber verpflichtete deshalb
die Pflegekassen und Tr?gerverb?nde von ambulanten Pflegeeinrichtungen zur Erarbeitung von Richtlinien und standardisierten
Verfahren für die Pflegefachberatung. Leider gibt es bislang keine verbindliche Umsetzung. 相似文献
997.
As part of a new focus on sustainability, this study examines the effects of technological attributes, market potential, and
environmental factors on the commercialization of technologies. A survey was conducted on two of Taiwan’s promising sustainable
high-tech industries—solar photovoltaic (PV) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). We found that if the technologies possess the
specific attributes of innovativeness, genericness, simplicity, and compatibility, as required by the potential adopters,
the level of market potential will be more favorable and technology commercialization (TC) probability will be higher. In
addition, the results of regression analysis indicate that environmental requirements play moderating roles in affecting the
relationships between market potential and TC probability. The empirical findings highlight the role of market potential as
a mediator between technological attributes and the likelihood of commercialization. Furthermore, environmental factors moderate
the influence of market potential on TC. The results of this study can provide firms’ operations with insights into resource
allocation, sustainable development, and competitive advantages in an intensely competitive environment. 相似文献
998.
Ferdinand M. Vieider 《Experimental Economics》2011,14(4):507-518
Accountability—the expectation on the side of the decision maker that she may have to justify her decisions in front of somebody
else—has been found by psychologists to strongly influence decision-making processes. The awareness of this issue remains
however limited amongst economists, who tend to focus on the motivational effects of financial incentives. Accountability
and incentives may provide different motivations for decision makers, and disentangling their effects is thus important for
understanding real-world situations in which both are present. Separating accountability and incentives, I find different
effects. Accountability is found to reduce preference reversals between frames, for which incentives have no effect. Incentives
on the other hand are found to reduce risk seeking for losses, where accountability has no effect. In a choice task between
simple and compound events, accountability increases the preference for the normatively superior simple event, while incentives
have a weaker effect going in the opposite direction. 相似文献
999.
1000.
In this article, we test to determine whether a reallocation of government budgetary components can enhance long-term GDP
growth in a set of 15 EU countries. We apply panel data techniques to the period 1971–2006, and use three alternative dependent
variables in a growth regression: economic growth, total factor productivity and labour productivity. Our results also identify
the distortions induced by public expenditure in the private factors allocation. In particular, we detect a strong crowding-in
effect associated to public investment, which has enhanced economic growth by boosting private investment. We also associate
a dependence of productivity on public expenditure on social security. 相似文献