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961.
The Internet and the Web are evolving to a platform for collaboration, sharing, innovation and user-created content—the so-called
Web 2.0 environment. This environment includes social and business networks, and it is influencing what people do on the Web
and intranets, individually and in groups. This paper describes the Web 2.0 environment, its tools, applications, characteristics.
It also describes various types of online groups, especially social networks, and how they operate in the Web 2.0 environment.
Of special interest is the way organization members communicate and collaborate mainly via wikis and blogs. In addition, the
paper includes a proposed triad relational model (Technology–People–Community) of social/work life on the Internet. Particularly,
social/work groups are becoming sustainable because of the incentives for participants to connect and network with other users.
A discussion of group dynamics that is based on the human needs for trust, support, and sharing, regardless if the setting
is a physical or virtual one, follows. Finally, future research directions are outlined. 相似文献
962.
Unlike many other mergers in developed countries, which might have been assessed and their effects estimated by antitrust
authorities before being granted antitrust immunity, the airline mergers that swept China’s airline industry in 2002 occurred
with no antitrust challenge. These mergers provide the opportunity to study important market power issues in China’s airline
markets. Given that increased concentration and multimarket contact are the main legacies of an airline merger, the effects
of mergers on these variables can raise the potential for the exercise of market power. However, an examination of the period
2002–2004 during which the Chinese airline mergers occurred shows that the resulting increased concentration and enhanced
multimarket contact did not have important consequences for airfares in Chinese city-pair markets. The presence of Hainan
Airlines appears to have played an important role in suppressing the airfares charged by China Eastern and China Southern. 相似文献
963.
P. John Williams Juan Iglesias Moshe Barak 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2008,18(4):319-335
An increasing variety of professional educational and training disciplines are now problem based (eg, medicine, nursing, engineering,
community health), and they may have a corresponding variety of educational objectives. However, they all have in common the
use of problems in the instructional sequence. The problems may be as diverse as a mechanical predicament, an unexplained
phenomena, or patient symptoms. Technology education in secondary schools is undergoing a period of significant change in
many countries. It is therefore imperative that technology teacher education adopt not only the technologies that have been
identified as being important, but also incorporate appropriate methodologies for the instruction of these technologies. PBL
offers a number of relevant features to technology education and it is because of these that the project outlined in this
paper has been developed. 相似文献
964.
965.
The Biofuel Controversy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Summary About a decade ago, the main OECD countries decided to promote the use of biofuels so as to reduce greenhouse gases, to contribute
to energy self-sufficiency and to create additional demand for agricultural commodities. The introduction of mandatory blending
requirements and lavish subsidies spurred fast adoption of this technology. In the course of 2008, the already existing controversy
about the effectiveness of this strategy culminated as the resulting upward shift in demand contributed to staggering rises
in food prices on world markets. It is uncertain as yet whether this will tone done current ambitions among policy makers
to expand biofuel production. The paper shows that high ratios of energy prices to food prices are needed to make biofuel
production profitable without the mandatory blending and subsidies. Yet, even if food-based biofuels disappeared, the issue
remains that rising high energy prices will promote intensified use worldwide of land for energy crops, requiring huge amounts
of mineral fertilizers and putting nature under additional pressure. In policy terms, this defines three major tasks. The
first is replacing the current excise taxes on energy carriers by a uniform carbon tax, so as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
in an efficient manner, the second to prevent price fluctuations on the oil markets from destabilizing food markets, as happened
in recent years. Introduction of upper limits on the use of food for biofuel could prove effective here. The third, much wider,
task is to make the transition to a partly biomass based energy production possible and sustainable, that is establishing
fair distribution of property and user rights over the lands, while safeguarding biodiversity and soil fertility and maintaining
adequate labour standards and living conditions, also during periods that these become non-profitable following a drop in
energy prices.
The authors thank Lia van Wesenbeeck for her comments. 相似文献
966.
967.
968.
Arriving at a moral judgment is not a straightforward or linear process in which ethical theories are simply applied to cases.
Instead it is a process in which the formulation of the moral problem, the formulation of possible “solutions”, and the ethical
judging of these solutions go hand in hand. This messy character of moral problems, however, does not rule out a systematic
approach. In this article, we describe a systematic approach to problem solving that does justice to the complex nature of
moral problems and ethical judgment: the ethical cycle. Our goal is to provide a structured and disciplined method of addressing
moral problems, which helps to guide a sound analysis of these problems. We will illustrate the usefulness of this cycle with
an example. Further, we will discuss two general issues in applied ethics in relation to the proposed ethical cycle: the role
of ethical theories and the place of individual judgment versus collective deliberation.
Ibo van de Poel (1966) is Assistant Professor of Ethics and Technology at Delft University of Technology. He has done research
on the dynamics of technological development, codes of conduct and professional ethics of engineers, the moral acceptability
of technological risks, ethics in engineering design, and ethics and responsibiltiy in R&D networks. He has published in,
among others, Science, Technology & Humans Values, Research Policy and Science and Engineering Ethics. For more information, see http://www.tbm.tudelft.nl/webstaf/ibop/.
Lambèr Royakkers (1967) is Associate Professor of Ethics and Technology at Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
He studied Philosophy and Social Sciences, Technical Mathematics, and Law. He received his PhD at the Tilburg University in
1996. His dissertation was on the formalisation of normative rules with deontic logic. It has been revised rather thoroughly
for the serie Law and Philosophy published by Kluwer Academic in 1998. His research interests include ethics and technology,
(collective) responsibility, and logic. 相似文献
969.
Crises in business markets: implications for interfirm linkages 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rajdeep Grewal Jean L. Johnson Suprateek Sarker 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2007,35(3):398-416
In the global economy, firms link with customers and suppliers through a complex nexus of strategically critical interfirm
relationships. Due to the diversity of environments and networks involved, these linkages are increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic
disruptions, also referred to as “crises.” The authors offer an advanced conceptualization of crises and explicate the interplay
of crises and interfirm relationships. On the basis of literature and qualitative data from 27 interviews with executives
in 13 firms, the authors develop a process model of crisis that consists of five phases: (1) awareness and acknowledgment,
(2) sensemaking, (3) response design, (4) response implementation, and (5) reconciliation in the aftermath. In discussing
the model, the authors emphasize the influence of crisis on interfirm relationships and conversely highlight the role of the
interfirm relationships in crisis management.
The authors contributed equally and are listed alphabetically. 相似文献
970.
This study reports experiments that examine outcomes when agents choose between a payment scheme that rewards based on absolute
performance (i.e., piece rate) and a scheme that rewards based on relative performance (i.e., a tournament). Holding total
payments in the tournament constant, performance is higher when the tournament option is winner-take-all compared to a graduated
tournament (i.e., second and third-place performers also receive a payment). Performance is higher in the winner-take all
tournaments even among participants that choose the piece-rate option. While there is a modest amount of overcrowding, there
are no significant differences in overcrowding across conditions. Entry rates into the tournament and the relative ability
of tournament entrants (compared to non-entrants in the same condition) are higher in the graduated tournament condition than
the winner-take-all conditions. Consequently, the winner-take-all tournament is more efficient than the graduated tournament
(incentive effects are stronger and the overcrowding is about the same), but the graduated tournament provides a more effective
mechanism to identify the most capable performer in a talent pool.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .
JEL Classification D8 · J3 · L2 相似文献