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221.
Stefanie Eifler 《Quality and Quantity》2007,41(2):303-318
In this paper, the validity of vignette analyses of various forms of deviant behavior in the presence of opportunities is
analyzed on the basis of ideas derived from cognitive psychology. Abelson’s Script Theory together with insights into human
memory of visual and verbal information, allow the assumption that vignette analyses using visual stimuli are valid measures
of deviant behavior in particular. The study includes an empirical examination of these ideas (n = 450). Nonparticipant observations and vignette analyses with visual and verbal material were carried out with regard to
three forms of deviant behavior occurring in the presence of opportunities presenting themselves in everyday life. Observed
and self-reported frequencies of deviant behavior or deviant intentions were counted and cross-tabulated. Log-linear analyses
with dummy coding using observation data as reference category were run. Data analyses yielded the result that frequencies
of deviant behavior were related to the techniques of data collection under consideration. Especially vignette analyses of
the return of ‘lost letters’ that use both visual and verbal stimuli overestimate ‘actual’ (i.e. observed) return rates. This
result is discussed with regard to the underlying methodological assumptions as well as its implications. 相似文献
222.
223.
Financial distress precedes bankruptcy. Most financial distress models actually rely on bankruptcy data, which is easier to
obtain. We obtained a dataset of financially distressed but not yet bankrupt companies supplying a major auto manufacturer.
An early warning model successfully discriminated between these distressed companies and a second group of similar but healthy
companies. Previous researchers argue the matched-sample design, on which some earlier models were built, causes bias. To
test for bias, the dataset was partitioned into smaller samples that approach equal groupings. We statistically confirm the
presence of a bias and describe its impact on estimated classification rates. 相似文献
224.
Daniel Friedman Kai Pommerenke Rajan Lukose Garrett Milam Bernardo A. Huberman 《Experimental Economics》2007,10(1):79-104
We seek to isolate in the laboratory factors that encourage and discourage the sunk cost fallacy. Subjects play a computer
game in which they decide whether to keep digging for treasure on an island or to sink a cost (which will turn out to be either
high or low) to move to another island. The research hypothesis is that subjects will stay longer on islands that were more
costly to find. Eleven treatment variables are considered, e.g. alternative visual displays, whether the treasure value of
an island is shown on arrival or discovered by trial and error, and alternative parameters for sunk costs. The data reveal
a surprisingly small sunk cost effect that is generally insensitive to the proposed psychological drivers.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .
Jel Classification C91, D11 相似文献
225.
Alexandre M. Baptista 《Economic Theory》2007,31(2):205-212
In a seminal paper, Ross (Q J Econ 90:75–89, 1976) shows that if security markets are resolving, then there exist (non-redundant)
options that generate complete security markets. Complementing his work, Aliprantis and Tourky (2002) show that if security
markets are strongly resolving and the number of primitive securities is less than half the number of states, then every option is non-redundant. Our paper extends Aliprantis and Tourky’s result to the case when
their condition on the number of primitive securities is not imposed. Specifically, we show that if there exists no binary
payoff vector in the asset span, then for each portfolio there exists a set of exercise prices of full measure such that any
option on the portfolio with an exercise price in this set is non-redundant. Since the condition that there exists no binary
payoff vector in the asset span holds generically, redundant options are thus rare.
I am grateful to an anonymous referee for very helpful comments. Research support from the School of Business at The George
Washington University is gratefully acknowledged 相似文献
226.
Christian Raschke 《Applied economics》2019,51(2):207-218
This paper investigates the causal impact of large unexpected windfalls on individual mental health, physical health, as well as health behaviors. I use a large individual-level panel data set of lottery winners from Germany between the years 2000 and 2011 and observe lottery winners before and after winning a large lottery prize. Mental health declines immediately after winning a large lottery prize for individuals with low education and low levels of financial literacy. While these individuals report being happier after winning the lottery, evidence from commonly used SF-12 measures of mental health indicates that winners with low education experience increased role limitations due to emotional problems, are more anxious, and have less energy after their win. The impact on various measures of mental health is highly robust, statistically significant, economically significant, and persists for up to two years after the win. Unexpected windfalls have no impact on the mental health of individuals with high education or high financial literacy. Winning the lottery has no impact on individuals’ health behaviors such as smoking or alcohol consumption, and it has no impact on doctor visits, hospital stays, or illness-related work absences regardless of education level. 相似文献
227.
The paper considers what can be inferred about experimental subjects’ time preferences for consumption from responses to laboratory
tasks involving tradeoffs between sums of money at different dates, if subjects can reschedule consumption spending relative
to income in external capital markets. It distinguishes three approaches identifiable in the literature: the straightforward
view; the separation view; and the censored data view. It shows that none of these is fully satisfactory and discusses the
resulting implications for intertemporal decision-making experiments.
JEL Classification C90, C91, D90, D91, D11, D12 相似文献
228.
229.
The lagging development of many minority communities has had an adverse effect on economic growth in the United States. One factor historically associated with creating or exacerbating this minority problem is the unwillingness of banks to service minority communities adequately. The federal government used two initiatives to address banks' reluctance to aid minorities: the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) that ended the practice of redlining and required all federally regulated banks to demonstrate that they served the convenience and credit needs of their local communities, particularly minorities, women, and other underserved groups, and the establishment and preservation of minority owned banks that were expected to be more sympathetic to the needs of their communities. This paper evaluates the extent to which minority banks have met the needs of minority communities. The assessment is conducted in the context of the ratings received by minority banks on their Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) audits. Through the use of CRA audits, the performance of minority banks is also compared to the performance of the general banking community to determine the validity and success of the government's minority banking initiative. Analysis of CRA audit ratings also compares the performance of minority banks among different ethnicities. 相似文献
230.
Joïlle Noailly Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh Cees A. Withagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):183-200
Abstract. Economic theories of managing renewable resources, such as fisheries and forestry, traditionally assume that individual harvesters
are perfectly rational and thus able to compute the harvesting strategy that maximizes their discounted profits. The current
paper presents an alternative approach based on bounded rationality and evolutionary mechanisms. It is assumed that individual
harvesters face a choice between two harvesting strategies. The evolution of the distribution of strategies in the population
is modeled through a replicator dynamics equation. The latter captures the idea that strategies yielding above average profits
are demanded more than strategies yielding below average profits, so that the first type ends up accounting for a larger part
in the population. From a mathematical perspective, the combination of resource and evolutionary processes leads to complex
dynamics. The paper presents the existence and stability conditions for each steady-state of the system and analyzes dynamic
paths to the equilibrium. In addition, effects of changes in prices are analyzed. A main result of the paper is that under
certain conditions both strategies can survive in the long-run.
Correspondence to: J. Noailly 相似文献