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951.
Martina Schäfer Melanie Jaeger-Erben Aguinaldo dos Santos 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2011,34(1):175-196
In current political and scientific debates on sustainable consumption, the low- and middle-income classes of emerging countries
are gaining attention. One common feature of such debates is the idea that these emerging consumer classes could be motivated
to “leapfrog” directly to environmentally and socially aware consumption patterns and, thereby, avoid adopting the resource-intensive
consumption styles of populations in industrialized countries. To be able to adapt sustainable product development or sustainable
communication strategies to the needs of low- and medium-income classes, it is necessary to know more about the basic consumption
orientations, current consumption habits, and future consumption aspirations of these societal groups. In order to contribute
towards filling that knowledge gap, an exploratory survey was conducted, taking the example of emerging low- and middle-income
classes in a Southern Brazilian city. The survey identified five different consumer types: the Home-Centered Traditionals, the Indifferent, the Up-to-date Privileged, the Wanna-be Materialists, and the Quality of Life-Oriented Postmaterialists. The paper outlines some ideas concerning how these types can be addressed with target-group-specific products and services
as well as differentiated sustainability communication strategies. We conclude, however, that “leapfrogging” of Brazilian
low- and middle-income classes towards sustainable consumption is not a very likely option. There are certain consumption
orientations that sustainability strategies can link to, but these trends are not likely to compensate the general tendencies
towards a resource-intensive lifestyle following the model of the industrialized countries. 相似文献
952.
Onyeka K. Osuji 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2011,34(4):437-453
The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 (UCPD) attempts to achieve a full harmonization of the rules against unfair
business-to-consumer (B2C) practices. However, this paper argues that the UCPD cannot resolve disparities in national laws
because of a lack of clarity of concepts and the existence of uncertain substantive and enforcement provisions. This is demonstrated
by the Ferguson v British Gas case which extended the loosely formulated UK Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (PHA) to B2C harassment cases covered by
the UCPD. Ferguson highlights contradictions in the approaches of the two systems which suggest loopholes in the UCPD’s full harmonization goal.
As well as proposing the amendment of the PHA, the paper suggests that complete harmonization requires that issues of clarity
of concepts, definitions, liability, ancillary tort claims, and enforcement rights which create room for creative interpretations
and lack of uniformity should be addressed. A one-stop legislation approach to transposition can also improve harmonization. 相似文献
953.
Juan José Tarí 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(4):623-638
This article presents a systematic literature review on quality management and social responsibility (focusing on ethical
and social issues). It uses the literature review to identify the parallels between quality management and social responsibility,
the extent to which qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods are used, the countries that have contributed most to this
area, and how the most common quality management practices facilitate social responsibility. The literature review covers
articles about quality management and social responsibility (focusing on ethical and social categories) based on a computer
search in three databases, namely ABI Inform, Emerald and Science Direct, and includes articles dealing with the subject that
were found in the lists of references of the articles found in the primary search, as well as a search in six top management
journals. The results show (1) the journals most likely to publish this type of article; (2) the range of qualitative, quantitative
and mixed methods used; (3) the most productive countries in this field; (4) the parallels between quality management and
social responsibility; and (5) how the most common quality management practices facilitate ethical behaviour and social aspects. 相似文献
954.
This article explores the hypothesis that third parties are motivated to seek information about agents who have behaved unethically
in the past, even if the agent and available information are irrelevant to the third parties’ goals and interests. We explored
two possible motives for this information seeking behavior: deonance, or the motive to care about ethics and justice simply
for the sake of ethics and justice, and distrust-based threat monitoring. Participants in a consumer decision task were found
to seek out information about an agent who had behaved unethically even when the agent was explicitly excluded from the task;
there were no intentions to purchase from the agent; performance expectations for the agent’s product were low; the information
that could be sought was non-diagnostic, redundant or irrelevant to an ethical judgment; and alternatives in the market offered
as good or better value as the unethical agent. Critically, this information seeking took place even when the observer could
disengage from and was not vulnerable to the agent. The findings are discussed in terms of third party information seeking
and its effects on ethical behavior in the marketplace. 相似文献
955.
Turbulence over the industry life cycle is examined for the case of Portugal using the lowest possible level of industry aggregation,
thus allowing for the use of panel data to study the evolution of product markets. Replacement of exiting firms by subsequent
entrants plays a primary role in generating turbulence in high growth markets, while displacement of incumbents by recent
entrants is the main selection force in declining markets. As the industry life cycle progresses, trial-and-error entry and
entry mistakes decrease, and turbulence subsides. 相似文献
956.
Junfu Zhang 《Small Business Economics》2011,36(2):187-208
Entrepreneurs with prior firm-founding experience are expected to have more skills and social connections than novice entrepreneurs.
Such skills and social connections could give experienced founders some advantage in the process of raising venture capital.
This paper uses a large database of venture-backed companies and their founders to examine the advantage associated with prior
founding experience. Compared with novice entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs with venture-backed founding experience tend to raise
more venture capital at an early round of financing and tend to complete the early round much more quickly. In contrast, experienced
founders whose earlier firms were not venture-backed do not show a similar advantage over novice entrepreneurs, suggesting
the importance of connections with venture capitalists in the early stage of venture capital financing. However, when the
analysis also takes into account later rounds of financing, all entrepreneurs with prior founding experience appear to raise
more venture capital. This implies that skills acquired from any previous founding experience can make an entrepreneur perform
better and in turn attract more venture capital. 相似文献
957.
Manuel Carlos Vallejo 《Small Business Economics》2011,36(1):47-64
The results of research of the utilitarian type on the culture of the family firm is reported here. A model is built and defined
on the basis of the main arguments supporting the following theories: general systems theory, neoinstitutional theory, transformational
leadership theory, field theory, learning theory, and group dynamics theory. The resulting model is an instrument that can
be used to deepen our understanding of the organizational culture of this type of firm. It should prove to be a powerful tool
to exploit the competitive potential of this culture, which has often been noted in the literature. 相似文献
958.
This paper focuses on the innovative actions of entrepreneurs, namely their tendency to reveal the intellectual capital that
results from their research efforts either in the form of public knowledge (publications) or private knowledge (patents).
Using data collected by the National Research Council within the US National Academies from their survey of firm’s that received
National Institutes of Health phase II Small Business Innovation Research awards between 1992 and 2001, we find that entrepreneurs
with academic backgrounds are more likely to publish their intellectual capital compared with entrepreneurs with business
backgrounds, who are more likely to patent their intellectual capital. We also find that, when universities are research partners,
their presence complements the tendencies of academic entrepreneurs but does not offset those of business entrepreneurs. 相似文献
959.
The extraordinary growth of the Irish economy since the mid-1990s—the ‘Celtic Tiger’—has attracted a great deal of interest,
commentary and research. Indeed, many countries look to Ireland as an economic development role model, and it has been suggested
that Ireland might provide key lessons for other EU members as they seek to achieve the objectives set out in the Lisbon Agenda.
Much of the discussion of Ireland’s growth has focused on its possible triggers: the long-term consequences of the late 1980s
fiscal stabilisation, EU structural funds, education, wage moderation and devaluation of the Irish punt. The industrial policy
perspective has highlighted the importance of inflows of foreign direct investment, but a notable absence from the discourse
on the ‘Celtic Tiger’ has been any mention of the role of new business venture creation and entrepreneurship. In this paper
we use unpublished Irish VAT data for the years 1988–2004 to provide the first detailed look at national trends in business
birth and death rates in Ireland over the ‘take-off’ period. We also use sub-national VAT data to shed light on spatial trends
in new venture creation. Our overall conclusions are that new business formation made no detectable contribution to the acceleration
of Ireland’s growth in the late 1990s, although we do find evidence of spatial convergence in per capita business stocks. 相似文献
960.
The Emergence of Individual Knowledge in a Group Setting: Mitigating Cognitive Fallacies 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel E. O’Leary 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2011,20(1):3-18
Research in psychology has found that subjects regularly exhibit a conjunction fallacy in probability judgments. Additional
research has led to the finding of other fallacies in probability judgment, including disjunction and conditional fallacies.
Such analyses of judgments are critical because of the substantial amount of probability judgment done in accounting, business
and organizational settings. However, most previous research has been conducted in the environment of a single decision maker.
Since business and other organizational environments also employ groups, it is important to determine the impact of groups
on such cognitive fallacies. This paper finds that groups substantially mitigate the impact of probability judgment fallacies
among the sample of subjects investigated. The key finding of this paper is the analysis of the apparent manner in which groups
make such decisions. A statistical analysis, based on a binomial distribution, suggests that groups investigated here did
not use consensus. Instead, if any one member of the group has correct knowledge about the probability relationships, then
the group uses that knowledge and does not exhibit fallacy in probability judgment. Having a computational model of the group
decision making process provides a basis for developing computational models that can be used to simulate “mirror worlds”
of reality or model decision making in real world settings. 相似文献