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11.
R&D externalities can imply ranges of aggregate increasing returns to scale in R&D. As a consequence several equilibria can exist involving different numbers of firms and different R&D investment levels. In a theoretical model the equilibrium dynamics are analyzed, showing that cyclical fluctuations of the number of firms and R&D investment may be expected, and that the long-run equilibrium is highly sensitive to investors' initial beliefs. The model is tested empirically using a unique database comprising competing firms in various R&D races. 相似文献
12.
Engaging with stakeholders and managing their issues when striving for a sustainable supply chain (SC) is a significant challenge. Although most studies on sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) consider stakeholder management necessary, little is known about related stakeholder management practices in SSCM. Thus, this paper seeks to enrich the theoretical debate on stakeholder management practices in SSCM through a case study approach to bioenergy SCs in Chile. Based on 28 interviews with SC actors and representatives from the surrounding stakeholder environment, the deductive–inductive analysis reveals that stakeholder management combines different practices to discuss stakeholder concerns, address them, and evaluate the process at the SC's external and internal levels. We propose structuring these practices based on two dimensions: “practices to address stakeholder requirements” and “practices whereby stakeholders are integrated.” The analysis' results indicate that although two-way communication with stakeholders can be seen as the core of stakeholder management, a certain willingness to learn and transform SC design is a prerequisite for true orientation toward stakeholder management in SSCM. Additionally, linkage development and local anchoring are practices used to obtain further legitimacy at the external level. Building on these findings, this study can guide practitioners in engaging with stakeholders and managing their issues across the SC. 相似文献
13.
Summary. According to empirical studies, the wage differential by skills evolved non–monotonically in the past decades although the
relative supply of skilled labor steadily increased. The present paper provides a theoretical explanation for this finding.
In our setting, technological change intertemporally alters the human–capital investment incentives of heterogeneous individuals.
As a consequence of changing incentives, the time path of the relative wage is U–shaped while there is a rise in the share
of skilled workers.
Received: November 28, 2000; revised version: January 30, 2001 相似文献
14.
Criminal investigation and prosecution of politicians, top civil servants and other public figures are topics frequently discussed in the media. The nature of the investigating or prosecuting authority varies between countries – from the general public prosecutor, through magistrates to independent counsels or parliamentary investigation commissions. This paper analyzes the role and status of public prosecutors within the separation of powers-concept. Prosecutors are usually part of the executive and not the judicial branch, which implies that they do not enjoy the same degree of independence as judges, and are ultimately subordinated to the directives of the minister of justice or the government. Conflicts of interest may hence arise if members of government can use the criminal process for their own or partisan interests. The incentives of public prosecutors in different jurisdictions are compared. 相似文献
15.
A group of agents located along a river have quasi-linear preferences over water and money. We ask how the water should be allocated and what money transfers should be performed. The core lower bounds require that no coalition should get less than the welfare it could achieve by using the water it controls. The aspiration upper bounds demand that no coalition enjoy a welfare higher than what it could achieve in the absence of the remaining agents. Exactly one welfare distribution satisfies the core lower bounds and the aspiration upper bounds: it is the marginal contribution vector corresponding to the ordering of the agents along the river. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D62, C71. 相似文献
16.
17.
This paper examines the effects of introducing competition into monopolized network industries on prices and infrastructure
quality. Analyzing a model with reduced-form demand, we first show that deregulating an integrated monopoly cannot simultaneously
decrease the retail price and increase infrastructure quality. Second, we derive conditions under which reducing both retail
price and infrastructure quality relative to the integrated monopoly outcome increases welfare. Third, we argue that restructuring
and setting very low access charges may yield welfare losses, as infrastructure investment is undermined. We provide an extensive
analysis of the linear demand model and discuss policy implications. 相似文献
18.
This paper studies the dynamic interaction between human capital accumulation and economic growth. Capital market imperfections
and an indivisibility in human capital investment prevent poor agents from accumulating skills, the acquisition of which positively
affects technological progress. More productive technologies in turn require more sophisticated qualification and involve
higher training costs. The equilibrium dynamics can be characterized by the joint evolution of productivity growth, the schooling
costs, and the income distribution. Under our assumptions, individual incomes follow a non-linear Markov chain. This non-linearity
generates endogenous fluctuations of schooling activities and the rate at which productivity improvements occur.
We thank an anonymous referee for many helpful suggestions. Support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant
KA1519/2-2 is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
19.
We propose an empirical commodity market model with heterogeneous speculators. While the power of trend-extrapolating chartists
is constant over time, the symmetric impact of stabilizing fundamentalists adjusts endogenously according to market circumstances:
Using monthly data for various commodities such as cotton, sugar or zinc, our STAR–GARCH model indicates that their influence
positively depends on the distance between the commodity price and its long-run equilibrium value. Fundamentalists seem to
become more and more convinced that mean reversion will set in as the mispricing enlarges. Commodity price cycles may thus
emerge due to the nonlinear interplay between different trader types.
The paper represents the authors’ personal opinion and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Deutsche Bundesbank. 相似文献
20.
In this paper, we present a model in which the performing arts are modelled as congestible public goods. In accordance with empirical evidence, the production of seat capacity is assumed to be subject to fixed costs. We estimate the parameters of the model's demand and cost functions using German data. Using these estimates in a subsequent social choice analysis, we show that the current situation in the German performing arts sector is best described by a directorship that under the influence of a selfish theater lobby maximizes only the welfare of the spectators. Such an equilibrium, characterized by too low ticket prices and too large capacity, is most likely to establish if citizens have a very positive ex ante notion of the performing arts. 相似文献