Mergers and acquisitions in the hotel industry: A comprehensive review

This study aims to evaluate the current status of merger and acquisition (M&A) studies in the hotel industry and propose directions for future research. Forty-six articles were identified from ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCOhost including 31 empirical and 15 conceptual articles. We review these articles from five perspectives, namely, journal/year distribution, methodology, research context, theoretical foundation and major topics. Findings reveal most studies on M&As in the hotel industry (hotel M&As) focus on performance, motivation and objectives. Developed economies (DEs) are the major research contexts and quantitative approach is the dominant research method. To this end, we propose seven research directions that cover outstanding themes as follows: 1) exploring M&A process, 2) M&A performance assessment, 3) identifying M&A impacts on stakeholders, 4) examining cross-border M&As, 5) examining emerging economies (EE)-based M&As, 6) investigating macro environment impacts, and 7) premium determinants and their impacts on hotel M&As.     

中国企业海外并购的法律障碍及其对策研究

海外并购逐渐成为中国对外直接投资的主要形式。中国企业进行海外并购面临的法律障碍主要来自政府的特许审核方面、海外投资保险、反垄断审查和竞争政策、反收购风险、本国政府审批制度方面以及法律制度和法律文化的差异、经营阶段的法律风险等方面。为促进中国企业海外并购，从宏观方面应制定和完善相关法律法规，从企业层面应重视与海外并购相关的法律问题。     

Which institutional investors matter for firm survival and performance?

Using data that spans three decades, we assess the diverse roles of institutional investors in impacting survival and performance of chronically underperforming firms and contrast the results for consistently overperforming firms. We find material differences in investor roles and investment returns between these samples. Differentiating among institutional types, controlling for prior performance and attrition bias provides insights unattainable by examining aggregated holdings. For underperformers, results are negative for activist pension funds and long-term institutions, positive for activist hedge funds and short-term institutions, and mixed for institutional blockholders.     

Idea Competitions under scrutiny: Acquisition,intelligence or public relations mechanism?

Idea Competitions (ICs) are becoming a popular mechanism chosen by firms to perform Open Innovation. They are a way to engage with external sources of knowledge such as individual entrepreneurs and small firms who are asked to submit ideas and compete for a prize. However, little is known about the success of ICs as acquisition mechanisms. The researchers conducted interviews in five multinational companies to evaluate the effects of using ICs as an acquisition mechanism. Although still preliminary, the results of this study show that the success of ICs as an acquisition mechanism remains uncertain because their output (i.e. the number of ideas acquired) is often low compared to the input (i.e. the number of ideas submitted) and effort required to run them (e.g. to vet ideas). Across the cases observed, ICs appear to be more successful at identifying and acquiring early-stage ideas, particularly those outside the current business focus. The study shows that ICs deliver other functional benefits such as improved intelligence and public relations and that these need to be considered as part of the evaluation of the IC's success. The paper concludes by discussing the conditions in which ICs are implemented and the implications for Open Innovation theory.     

What happened with the grandiose plans? Strategic plans and network realities in B2B interaction

Research concerned with business relationships and organizational levels, respectively, has addressed companies' difficulties in realizing their strategies. Studies of business relationships explain this through actions and reactions among business partners. Organizational studies note gaps between strategic and operational organizational levels in perceptions and goals. This paper combines these perspectives to obtain new insights into why company strategies may not materialize. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss how actor bonds on various organizational levels in business relationships affect strategy realization. The paper shows that actors on similar organizational levels representing different companies may actually share more understandings and activities than actors within the same company. The paper contributes to research on dyadic business relationships by highlighting differences in perspectives on various organizational levels, adds insights into research studying organizations by including a business-relationship aspect, and increases understanding of why strategic plans sometimes fail to succeed.     

Acquisition experience, board characteristics, and acquisition behavior

Literature on acquisition places more concern on the consequence of an acquisition event and pays less attention to what factors influence the motive for initiating the acquisition strategy of a firm. Through the lenses of organizational learning and corporate governance theories, the study examine whether the prior acquisition experience and board characteristics affect firms' acquisition behavior. Hypotheses are tested on a sample of 92 acquisition events of Taiwanese electronics firms during the period from 1997 to 2007 by employing the survival function model. Empirical results indicate that business acquisition experience positively influence the inclination of the acquirer adopting a subsequent acquisition, while board characteristics do not relate to the likelihood of the acquirer making a subsequent acquisition. These findings provide theoretical and managerial implications for organizational learning and corporate governance theories in general and acquisition management in particular.     

企业购并行为中的税收政策效应

本主要分析所得税对企业市场购并行为的影响。国外学所分析企业购并时,通常假设市场完全竞争,企业的决策不受非市场因素的干扰。他们认为,企业购并中,购并方的收益率只受两个因素的影响,即企业已分配股息的纳税比率和资本利得税率。笔从两方面对以上模型进行了修正：一是修正了其中“债务利息可以全部税前扣除”的假设前提,二是修正了被购并方在交易中的交易条件。以上修正使模型能够更加准确地描述中国的现实经济环境,也得出了完全不同的结论。     

企业跨国经营管制制度障碍的探索性案例研究——以中铝海外并购力拓为例

基于管制制度视角,以中铝海外并购力拓为样本,采取探索性案例研究方法,发现管制制度在法律、政治、规则等层面对我国企业的跨国经营影响较大。企业可采取组建并购团队、海外经营前期调研、高度重视与并购相关的法律法规、淡化国有企业身份、选择合适的并购策略和强化企业公关活动等措施克服管制制度产生的障碍。     

国际合资企业的知识管理研究——从外方母公司获取知识

国际合资企业的成功一直是跨国经营理论界和实践界共同关注的问题。基于知识的理论认为，从外方母公司获取知识是国际合资企业提高竞争力、获得成功的一个非常重要因素。本文重点分析了国际合资企业获取知识的理论基础、方法途径、具体过程和影响因素。同时，结合中外合资企业的经营实践，对于如何加强知识的学习、转移和创新，促进中外合资企业自身发展提出了建议。     

企业并购的财务动因分析

本文从主并企业的角度出发,主要分析了企业实行并购的财务动因。从企业自身的角度分析,趋于并购的财务动因一般基于获取规模经济效益、降低企业资金成本、平衡企业经营风险、实现合理避税、获得特殊资产等。同时笔者也认为,要获取相应的财务效果,并购后的整合管理尤为关键也最为棘手。