高资本充足率一定有助于银行体系稳定吗——基于房地产调控的视角

当银行面对房地产价格冲击试图保持一定的资本充足率时,较轻的冲击就可能导致银行不稳定成为一种自我实现的结果,而当银行不维持最低资本充足率时,较为严重的房地产价格下跌才有可能导致银行的不稳定,可见,高资本充足率在一定程度上反而增加了银行体系的不稳定性。在特殊情况下,适当降低银行的资本充足率或补充资本、降低法定存款准备金率等增加银行体系流动性的政策可能是有益的。     

Auditor Concentration: A Replication and Extension for the UK Audit Market 1991–1995

This paper examines the issue of auditor concentration in the UK during the period from 1991 to 1995. It shows that in 1995 the Big Six held 75% of the total number of audits and collectively earned 92% of the total audit fees. There was only a small increase in auditor concentration during the five year period, resulting from companies switching from small audit firms to Big Six and newly listed companies choosing a Big Six firm. The paper also examines auditor concentration within industries. Finally, the study assesses the measurement methods most commonly used in auditor concentration studies.     

论日本商业银行进入债券承销市场的效应

日本商业银行进入债券承销市场乃至日本金融业混业经营改革采取的都是一种渐进的方式,而包括金融业混业经营在内的日本金融改革对我国来讲具有较好的借鉴意义。从债券承销佣金、承销商选择和债券收益率价差等3个方面来看,日本商业银行进入债券承销市场是成功的,促进了债券承销市场的竞争,降低了企业发行债券的成本,提高了整体金融效率。就我国的具体情况来看,应在借鉴日本混业经营经验的基础上加快金融业混业经营的步伐。     

How do income and education affect health inequality: evidence from four developing countries

Using household survey data from four countries ? Albania, Nepal, Tajikistan and Tanzania ? this article calculates income-related inequality in health care utilization. We measure health disparity separately for generally and chronically ill individuals by constructing two models: one for the probability of a visit to a physician and another for the number of visits. Following model-based measurements, we decompose inequality into two major parts: one accounted for by identity-related factors and another by socioeconomic and other factors such as education, geography and distance to a clinic. We propose a new method to quantify the effect of changes in income and education on health disparity. One of our important findings suggests that health disparity is pro-rich in all our sample countries. The pro-rich disparity is prevalent among generally ill as well as chronically ill patients, in both visit probability and visit frequency models. Health inequality seems primarily driven by income differences followed by nonidentity factors. Further, the principle of equal treatment for equal need is not fulfilled in any of our countries. Among policy implications, increasing average income and education in a way that also reduces disparity in income and education, respectively, will substantially shrink inequality in health care utilization.     

Intellectual capital and firm performance: evidence from Indian banking sector

In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the entire Indian banking industry was paralysed and their performance was shattered by the unfolding of enormous cases of Non-performing Assets (NPA). The study estimates the operating efficiency of 40 Indian banks for 5 years (2011–15) as a proxy of performance measure using the output-oriented DEA-BCC model. We find that nearly 62% of the state-owned banks and 47% of the private banks are inefficient indicating that the inefficient banks need to reduce their inputs or improve their output to become efficient. The study further investigates the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and bank performance using a truncated regression model. The regression results show that out of the three components of intellectual capital, only human capital efficiency is positively and significantly associated with operational efficiency while structural capital and finance capital have a negative impact on the efficiency of banks. The study concludes that to achieve competitive edge banks should invest in their human capital. The results are robust in the case of financial variables taken as a proxy for performance.     

Evergreening in banking

In the dynamic model of banking, a bank's option to hide its loan losses by rolling over non-performing loans is shown to worsen moral hazard. Contrary to the classic theory, moral hazard may arise even when a bank cannot seek a correlated risk for its loans. The loans seem to be performing and the bank makes a profit although it is de facto insolvent. When the bank's balance sheet includes hidden non-performing loans, the bank may optimally shrink lending or gamble for resurrection by growing aggressively. To eliminate this type of moral hazard, which is broadly consistent with evidence from emerging economies, a few regulatory implications are suggested.     

香港、新加坡和上海国际金融中心的比较研究

本文以金融中心的功能定义为基准,以金融发展理论为基础,以金融系统功能分析为思路,对香港、新加坡和上海国际金融中心功能进行比较分析,探寻上海的比较优势和劣势。得出结论:从历史和现实来看,香港和新加坡在金融系统功能的诸多方面都超越上海,上海只是在商品期货方面处于领先地位;上海的最大优势之一是它和伦敦、纽约、东京一样有着强大的国家经济体作为后盾,近几年发展态势良好,有实现跨越式发展的能力:开放型、多功能是构建上海国际金融中心的趋势和方向。     

Banking deregulation and credit risk: Evidence from the EU

This paper studies the effect of banking deregulation on credit risk. Its theoretical model shows that a bank is willing to invest more resources in screening borrowers when there is an entry threat, even though loan rates are driven lower. Thus, deregulation may result in improved loan quality and lower credit risk. This result is tested using bank-level balance sheet data and macroeconomic data for the European Union. The data reveal that competition intensified after the completion of the Second Banking Directive, while loan quality improved in most markets. Evidence is found that the loan quality improvement is associated with lower interest margin.     

Industry concentration in common value auctions: theory and evidence

We examine theoretically and experimentally two countervailing effects of industry concentration in common value auctions. Greater concentration of information among fewer bidders reduces competition but increases the precision of private estimates. We demonstrate that this generally leads to more aggressive bidding. However, the reduction in competition dominates the informational effects, resulting in lower prices. We examine these hypothesized effects experimentally by conducting a series of auctions with constant informational content but distributed among a varying number of bidders. The experimental results are consistent with our theoretical predictions. The authors would like to thank Octavian Carare, Eric Friedman, Luke Froeb, Ron Harstad, Toshi Iizuka, Mike Rothkopf, Charles Thomas, and two anonymous referees, for many useful comments and suggestions.     

我国网上银行发展之法律问题

全球银行业正经历着一个激动人心的时代,网上银行顺理成章地成为这一时代的见证和表征。WTO体制下金融业的全面开放将使网上银行业务成为中外金融业竞争的焦点。现行监管模式和法律规制对于网上银行显得力不从心,已不能适应其蓬勃发展的客观需要。就有关网上银行及其业务的的监管模式、归责原则、民事责任等相关法律问题加以探讨,并提出一些浅见。