Distribution contracts to support optimal inventory holdings under demand uncertainty

When suppliers produce products for which demand is uncertain, they face a problem of inducing downstream distributors to stock inventory levels that the suppliers prefer. This paper considers a wide array of alternative supply contracts, each of which consists of a mixture of constant per-unit wholesale prices, buy-back arrangements, and post sale payments contingent on sales made, such as revenue sharing or buybacks. We show that linear supply contracts specifying any combination of two of these three instruments can implement the vertical integrated outcome for a monopoly, thereby generating the supplier's preferred inventory configuration and price distribution. We extend our results to differentiated product oligopoly, demonstrating that each supplier obtains its preferred inventory configuration and price distribution, given the choices of its rival. Distributors choose optimal inventories from the suppliers' standpoint, even if suppliers do not know the distribution of demand uncertainty, and, given the perfect competition among distributors, all profits in the supply chain are captured by suppliers. Thus, suppliers are able to deal with demand uncertainty with remarkably little information about demand, and without the need to control dealer actions in detail. In particular, suppliers need not specify either dealer inventories or resale prices, but instead encourage distributors to order based on information in their possession and to set prices that generate desirable resale price dispersion.     

北京生产性流通服务业辐射力研究

北京市生产性流通服务业分为运输业、仓储业、邮政业和批发业四种类型。近几年北京市流通服务业滞后于生产性服务业的总体发展。流通服务业的发展动力来源于市场需求、空间集聚及政府政策。北京流通服务业的发展重点为:一方面,对传统的流通服务业进行现代化的升级改造;另一方面要大力发展流通服务业中的高端部分。北京的流通服务业要立足北京,增强在环渤海地区、全国、甚至亚洲的辐射面和辐射力度。     

协同机制下供应链剩余利润合理分配的影响因素研究

首先论述了供应链剩余利润以及该利润分配在协同供应链系统中的重要作用,分析了影响利润分配的系统外部和内部的各种因素,并利用层次分析法确定了供应链成员协作满意度和所担风险两个关键因素,指出了在有限条件下协同供应链剩余利润分配研究的重点。     

哈大齐工业走廊物流系统推进策略

本文针对哈大齐工业走廊背景资料,从交通网络和物流企业方面分析了工业走廊物流发展现状,分析了走廊建设中物流系统发展中存在的问题,并提出了相应的发展策略。     

Functional income distribution and effective demand in India: An applied post Keynesian model

This article is an attempt to understand the relationship between functional income distribution and aggregate demand in India. To this end, the article (a) highlights trends in growth and class distribution of income in India; (b) constructs a post Keynesian macro model that links short run growth with profit share, where the latter is itself driven by movements in output and real exchange rate; (c) discusses and, wherever required, estimates key parameters relevant to the Indian case; and (d) simulates the model and discusses the effect of shocks to distributive as well as autonomous demand variables on growth performance. The article finds that, although a possibility of wage-led growth in India cannot be ruled out, by and large, distributive shocks do not have a strong impact on output growth. On the other hand, an increase in public expenditure growth, although it has a strong effect on output growth, tilts income distribution toward profit earners. A comprehensive agenda involving greater public expenditure and higher wages to stimulate growth and improve distribution is therefore recommended.     

基于权利分布风险测度的工程建设重大突发事件大群体应急决策方法

针对大型工程项目突发事件应急决策参与者权利分布导致的风险,提出了一种大群体风险应急决策方法。首先,利用信息熵理论,提出了一种测量大群体决策风险的测度模型;其次,对参与决策的大群体在决策过程中由于权利分布引起的风险进行了定量计算;然后,利用风险大小确定最终偏好信息的集结结果,对应急方案进行排序选优。最后,通过工程项目建设中仓库爆炸突发事件案例分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

共享经济的现代发展及其潜在问题:以共享单车为例的分析

共享经济减少了物品的闲置而最大限度地发挥了物品的功效,不仅可以增进生产者剩余和消费者剩余,而且也有利于打造新型的低碳环保的经济形态。但同时,共享经济的无序发展也带来了两大严重问题：（1）准公共品性质滋生出大量的搭便车行为,进而使得运营商受损;（2）准公共品性质还滋生出强烈的负外部性,进而使得运营商获利。进而,第一个问题的解决有赖于有效的治理机制,其中最佳机制是"强互惠"机制,而这依赖于社会网络的建设和文化伦理的培育;第二个问题的解决有赖于明确的责任界定,其中可行的措施是设立"维安基金",而这有赖于新的制度安排和立法思考。一般地,只有解决上述两大问题,才能全面衡量新兴共享经济的真实经济价值,进而才能更好地引导共享经济的有序发展。很大程度上,共享泡沫的产生和破灭都体现出市场创新的盲目性,从而就需要政府的积极规划和引导。     

我国基础研究投入的区域战略布局研究

基础研究的地域分布在一定程度上反映了地区的自主创新能力和生产力布局状况。从国家战略布局的角度出发,分析了大区和省份基础研究经费支出的分布情况,通过CRn和洛伦兹曲线两种集中度指数反映了我国基础研究投入的基本分布情况,并提出了相应的建议。     

Cross-border mergers and strategic alliances

This paper develops a model with distribution costs to study firm cooperation in forming strategic alliances and mergers, under different types of foreign market entry modes, that is, export or foreign direct investment (FDI). Under both export and FDI, we find that cross-border alliances (mergers) dominate domestic alliances (mergers); and cross-border alliances and mergers are preferred to independence if and only if distribution cost is high. Under export, cross-border alliances are chosen in equilibrium if distribution cost is high. Under FDI and with high distribution cost, cross-border alliances (mergers) are chosen in equilibrium if plant setup cost is low (high).     

出口配电变压器的能效技术贸易壁垒分析

本文介绍了国内外主要国家的配电变压器能效标准,比较分析了国内外能效标准的差异及能效水平的高低。为国内出口配电变压器生产厂家克服国外技术贸易壁垒提供技术帮助,对促进国内节能变压器的升级改造和出口贸易的顺利发展具有指导意义。