风险防范下算法的监管路径研究

人工智能时代,由源源不断的数据驱动的算法已经成为新的权力代理人。然而,对算法的监管仍依照传统路径,在结果监管的思路指导下,进行事后的内容审查,由网络平台承担法律责任。机器深度学习和自动决策技术的发展超越了结果监管思路的制度假设,给传统监管路径带来严重冲击。应及时树立以风险防范为目的的监管思路,实行内容与算法并重的双轨审查机制,以及设立平台责任与技术责任双轨并行的责任体系,并对算法的生产性资源数据的收集和使用进行合理限制。     

美国刑法中共谋犯的理论根基———“平克尔顿法则”的形成与启示

共谋共同正犯是德日刑法中修正的正犯概念,为了说明其处罚的正当性,德国学者从多个 理论角度做出了尝试,然而,这些理论多少都存在一定缺陷。笔者通过比较分析得出,美国刑法中的 共谋犯概念与德日刑法中的共谋共同正犯概念具有本质上的相通之处,而美国刑法中所确立的平克 尔顿法则使得共谋犯基于有限的刑事代理责任而承担实质犯的罪责。其发展出的事实弱化标准和超 出轻度参与标准不仅为我国在引进及适用共谋共同正犯正当性理论方面打开了新思路,而且为我国 借鉴刑事代理责任制度完善刑法立法提供了借鉴。     

乱世与法制:五代后晋的刑事立法、司法及其承启性（上）

五代是介于唐宋之际的藩镇割据乱世,长期以来无法、滥刑成为定论五代法制之主流观点。然爬梳分析史料,情状并不完全如此,位居五代中段的后晋在刑事法制建设上就颇有建树,主要体现在:在立法方面,开展了三次规模较大的法律活动,官员也表现出一定程度的议法热情;在司法上,虽然存在滥刑的一面,但却不乏滥刑纠偏和循法慎刑的案例;数次赦宥显示了皇帝的宽仁之心,当然赦宥也引发了个别朝臣驳议。以上这些表明,汉代以来逐步形成的儒化法制在五代乱世中尽管受到践踏冲击,但并未发生完全断裂,仍在曲折传承发展。同时,五代法制在唐宋时期展示出独特的承上启下属性,这种承启性在后晋乃至五代刑事法制中得到具体反映。乱世中的五代法制具有丰富、多维、复杂的面向,而不可简单以无法、滥刑概括之。     

金融新常态对中小银行资产负债管理的挑战

经济金融环境的变化对中小商业银行资产负债管理提出了挑战。在对中小银行的特征进行分析的基础上,明确其优势和劣势,并从利率市场化、存款保险制度、互联网金融、金融创新、巴塞尔协议Ⅲ五个角度,探讨金融新常态对资产负债管理的冲击。最后,提出完善中小银行资产负债管理的建议,推动中小银行从资产负债的“被动管理、分离管理、表内管理”向“主动管理、统一管理、全面管理转变”。     

论骗取出口退税款的破产清偿顺位

债务人因骗取出口退税款将承担行政处罚责任与刑事责任。税务机关、司法机关在其破产程序中一般享有追缴金、行政罚款、刑事罚金请求权。追缴金本质上为已入库税款。针对债务人设立专用退税账户接受税务机关退税划拨的情形,税务机关可以通过行使专户中的取回权实现追缴金的受偿。在退税款与债务人其他财产混同的情况下,税务机关在债务人破产程序中主张追缴金请求权的性质为公法不当得利请求权,应当选择归入税收优先权的序列在债务人破产财产中受偿。对于债务人破产程序中的行政罚款、刑事罚金适宜作为劣后债权进行清偿。在破产程序结束后,无法受偿的行政罚款、刑事罚金部分应当依法获得免除。     

马克思生产劳动理论及其现实意义

马克思关于生产劳动范畴的内涵与外延是灵活的,会因生产的具体方式及社会性质变化而变化.即使是同一生产的具体方式或同一社会性质的生产,其内涵与外延也会在形式与实质上有很大的差异.对这种变化与差异进行分析,不仅有益于对现代资本主义的认识,也有益于对社会主义经济体制改革理论的探索.     

《资产负债会计学》的对象及焦点问题探讨

在经济市场化、全球化的竞争环境变化下，本结合我国《企业会计制度》的颁布，实施，阐述了企业经济活动的整个过程都与市场有着密切地联系，分析了《资产负债会计学》的对象，指出了《资产负债会计学》有待进一步研究的内容。     

A New Approach to Estimating Damages in Mass Torts

Damage estimation in mass torts involving hazardous or defective products is often complicated by the unknown time-profile of disease incidence or failure rate. Because these cases involve diseases with long latencies or involve products that fail after years of productive use, estimation of the defendants' future liability stream requires a model that can predict how the failure rate or the onset of the disease will change over time.This paper proposes such a model. The estimation technique allows one to compute the 'excess risk' attributable to the hazard or product defect distinct from the natural causes of failure or disease incidence and to calculate the defendants' future liability stream based on the estimates of failure or incidence rates. An application to product failure illustrates the working of the model.     

社会生活与社会问题的图书归类辨析

对《中图法》第四版有关社会生活与社会问题的类目设置进行了分析,并对如何正确类分该类图书提出了看法。     

Chain-wide and store-level analysis for cross-category management

When planning and implementing their price-promotions strategy, retail chain managers face the typical dilemma of “thinking globally, but acting locally.” In other words, they must plan their strategy, keeping in mind the global chain-level impact of their promotions, to deliver on the commitments made to manufacturers. At the same time, managers need to make sure that the implementation of such strategy takes into account the fact that each store caters to a different market with different needs and responses to marketing programs. Moreover, the retail chain manager must consider not only how the promotion of a brand affects competing brands and total category sales, but also how it could affect sales in other categories.Our proposed model addresses these two important aspects of chain-wide and store-level cross-category analysis. First, our proposed factor-regression model takes store differences and longitudinal market shifts into account, thereby providing the retail chain manager with unbiased global, chain-level estimates. It also provides stable local estimates of cross-category promotion effects at the store level. Second, while allowing this flexibility, our proposed model is parsimonious enough over existing alternatives, making it particularly useful for chain-wide and store-level cross-category analysis.We apply the proposed model to store-level data from one retail chain, comparing it with several competing approaches, and demonstrate that it provides the best balance between flexibility and parsimony. Most importantly, we show that the proposed model provides useful insights regarding cross-category effects at the chain-level, for individual stores, and their patterns across stores.