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71.
72.
YunTong Wang 《Review of Economic Design》2002,7(2):205-211
We consider the cost sharing problem with divisible demands of heterogeneous goods. We propose a cost sharing method called
Proportionally Adjusted Marginal Pricing (PAMP) method. PAMP is a nonadditive (in the cost function) extension of average cost pricing. We introduce an axiom called
Local Independence (LI) and use LI together with Continuity, Proportionality, and Scale Invariance to characterize PAMP.
Received: 23 March 2001 / Accepted: 16 November 2001
I thank Yves Sprumont, Hervé Moulin, and Ahmet Alkan for discussions, comments and suggestions. Thanks also go to the associate
editor and the referees, whose comments and suggestions greatly improve the paper. 相似文献
73.
R&D externalities can imply ranges of aggregate increasing returns to scale in R&D. As a consequence several equilibria can exist involving different numbers of firms and different R&D investment levels. In a theoretical model the equilibrium dynamics are analyzed, showing that cyclical fluctuations of the number of firms and R&D investment may be expected, and that the long-run equilibrium is highly sensitive to investors' initial beliefs. The model is tested empirically using a unique database comprising competing firms in various R&D races. 相似文献
74.
This paper studies identification of partial differences of nonseparable structural functions. A model is defined which admits structural functions exhibiting a degree of monotonicity with respect to a latent variate. The model identifies partial differences when there are instrumental values of covariates over which the latent variate exhibits a local quantile invariance, and a local order condition holds. The result is useful when covariates exhibit discrete variation, as arises often in practice, and when restricting latent variates and covariates to be statistically independent is unpalatable. The results are illustrated with data from the returns-to-schooling study of Angrist and Krueger [1991. Does compulsory schooling attendance affect schooling and earnings? Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 979–1014]. 相似文献
75.
Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are robustly associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small. 相似文献
76.
4D技术在工程项目管理中的应用和发展趋势 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
现代建设工程日趋复杂,传统的工程项目管理思想和手段已经无法满足项目业主越来越高的要求,进度、成本和质量管理彼此独立的传统模式导致许多弊端,主要表现在各专业生成的软件信息不能共享、项目参与各方所拥有的知识和经验不能很好地提供项目决策支持。随着管理思想、管理理论、IT技术的飞速发展,运用产品数据建模、软件集成(3D 成本/进度)的思想和方法,对传统管理工具进行变革成为可能。本文引进工程项目集成化管理思想,分析国内外4D技术研究的情况,提出4D建模技术辅助工程项目管理的发展方向和趋势。 相似文献
77.
78.
合作R&D是企业整合研发资源的有效组织形式。本文对产业组织角度的合作R&D研究进行了较为细致的综述。首先列举了对合作R&D理论具有一定影响的经验研究;然后梳理了产业组织角度的合作R&D主流理论;之后介绍了较有代表性的非主流理论研究;最后是全文结论和留待进一步研究的论题。 相似文献
79.
Roland Strausz 《The German Economic Review》2007,8(1):107-121
Abstract. I evaluate a new German regulation that requires retail discounters to guarantee the availability of their products in bargain sales. The regulation is meant to prevent loss leaders. Retailers undermine the regulation's rationale by claiming that rationing is due to demand uncertainty. This paper shows that under demand uncertainty the regulation has ambiguous welfare effects. Effectively, it raises production, which, under imperfect competition, tends to be beneficial. However, the regulation overshoots and decreases welfare if it requires availability for a state of high demand that is relatively unlikely. In this case more sophisticated regulation is required. 相似文献
80.
Buyer power and supplier incentives 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper analyzes the origins and welfare consequences of buyer power. We show that if suppliers are capacity constrained or have strictly convex costs, there are two different channels through which large buyers can obtain more favorable terms from their suppliers. In particular, we show how the presence of large buyers can then erode the value of suppliers’ outside option. Somewhat surprisingly, we show how this can induce suppliers to undertake strategies that lead to higher output and potentially higher welfare. 相似文献