Can corporate social responsibility resolve the sanitation question in developing Asian countries?

The existing state of sanitation in developing Asian countries fails to deliver a level of service that is adequate for meeting the human right to a standard of living consistent with dignity and health, or for sustaining the capacity for future generations to have access to clean water resources and healthy ecosystems. We argue that translating the current neo-centralised technologies and institutional arrangements mainstreamed by industrialised countries would not resolve the problem in the context of developing countries. Instead it is necessary to ‘leap frog’ to the emerging technological and institutional arrangements that are responsive to current needs and contexts and to potential risks. The sustainability focus and often decentralised technologies of this emergent stage in sanitation present many opportunities for new actors to enter the urban sanitation industry. At the same time, there are many barriers to entry, particularly from the perspective of conventional business management focused on increasing shareholder value.We propose that perspectives from the corporate social responsibility discourse have the potential to provide both the ‘pull’ for seizing the business opportunity for profit while serving social needs, and the ‘push’ to overcome the barriers in order to serve a wider social purpose for corporations. The wealth of nations, at least as reported in ubiquitous GDP terms, has greatly increased through the activities of corporations driven by a profit motive; but the increased poverty, injustice and ecosystem degradation that have resulted from economic activity suggest that corporations perhaps ought to have regard for broader concerns beyond shareholder value. We explore how the alternative relational view of a corporation, as a metaphorical person within society who adopts a moral code consistent with both Buddhist economics and Adam Smith's philosophy, may facilitate profitable corporations that provide better economic, ecological and social outcomes in serving the need for sustainable sanitation services in developing Asian countries.     

金融发展应成为构建“十一五”经济发展机制的核心内容

在中国这样具有发展中和转轨中双重特征的国家，经济发展机制具有更加重要的意义。改革开放以来我国东南沿海地区的经验表明，形成良好的金融支持体系对于经济发展尤其是内生性经济发展至关重要。目前全国大部分地区金融发展滞后已经成为制约经济发展的重要因素，“十一五”时期，应该把金融发展和金融体系创新提上重要日程，作为构建经济发展机制的关键和核心内容。制定明确有序的金融发展规划，全面深化金融体制发展与改革，积极重建地方性金融服务体系，改变金融发展滞后对经济发展的不利影响，创造良好的经济发展环境和机制。     

Voluntary disclosure practices amongst listed companies in Nigeria

This study examines voluntary disclosure practices amongst listed companies in Nigeria. Results from univariate and multivariate analyses of 52 listed companies suggest an average voluntary disclosure of 44% based on modified Meek, Roberts and Gray (1995) disclosure index comprising 24 disclosure items. The study found significant positive relationship between voluntary disclosure and firm size, measured as the natural logarithm of total asset. The study documents significant positive relationship between market-based definition of firm performance and voluntary disclosure. The study also found significant negative relationship between percentage of block share ownership and percentage of managerial share with firm disclosures. The study has important implication for both individual and institutional investors globally, regulators and policy makers in developing economies.     

城市地下空间开发利用容量评估指标体系的研究

地下空间是城市开发的重要自然资源,城市地下空间开发利用容量评估的目的旨在把握城市所具有的地下空间可开发利用的总量和潜力,建立科学的评估指标体系是地下空间开发利用容量评估的基础.本文分析了城市地下空间开发利用容量的主要影响因素,提出了城市地下空间开发利用容量评估指标体系构建的原则.基于层次分析法建立了城市地下空间开发利用容量评估的层次结构模型,依据该层次结构模型构造了各层次判断矩阵,并进行了层次单排序、层次总排序及其一致性检验.经研究分析得到:地面空间类型、受已开发地下空间的影响程度、地震烈度、滑坡及崩塌、对工程有影响的地下水层数、受影响的地下水赋存类型及活断层等是城市地下空间开发利用容量评估的主要指标.     

论统筹区域发展的制度基础建设

党的十六届三中全会提出了＂统筹区域发展＂的概念,并将其作为经济社会协调发展的5个统筹之一,进一步从体制和政策上为区域发展提供了强有力的保障。文章介绍了统筹区城发展的新理念,并提出完善我国统筹区域发展制度基础设施建设的建议。     

No escape from the dominant theories: The analysis of intellectual pillars of technology management in developing countries

This paper aims to identify the intellectual bases of the technology management (TM) literature generated in developing countries using citation and co-citation analyses and answer the question of whether the intellectual bases of the TM literature created by authors in developing countries diverge from those of the global TM literature. Based on a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of ten technology-innovation management (TIM) specialty journals through the period of 1998-2007, this study produces three important findings. First, the TM literature generated in developing countries is dominated by the knowledge and theories created in developed countries. Second, among these knowledge sources some authors from developing countries and focusing on the specialties of developing countries, such as Kim and Lall, come into prominence; however these authors are not even mentioned in the previous bibliometric studies covering overall TM research. Finally the researchers in developing countries tackle with the issues or topics specific to their own context through combining three major bulks of literature. These are (i) resource-based view (RBV)/core competencies and organizational learning related research; (ii) literature dealing with the evolutionary theorizing on economic change and growth and (iii) literature related to technological capabilities, technology transfer and industrialization in developing countries.     

我国碳排放权市场发展路径之研究

对国内外碳排放权市场的运行机制和发展状况进行了分析,剖析了各种碳排放权市场机制的特点,并创造性地将其与我国国情相结合,探讨了我国碳排放权市场的发展路径。现阶段我国尚未完全具备建立强制性减排交易市场的基本条件,但是鉴于未来碳排放权市场的重要性,我国应该把发展碳排放权市场作为一项长期战略。我国碳排放权市场可以采取如下发展路径：第一步,培育和壮大我国自愿抵消市场;第二步,借鉴美国经验发展类似CCX的会员制自愿减排交易市场,同时借鉴印度经验适当发展CDM单边项目并以此为基础建立CDM二级市场;第三步,在条件成熟的情况下推出强制性减排交易市场。     

Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries

This study deals with a normative concept of participatory development approach, which originates in the developed world. In particular, it analyses and explains the limitations to the participatory tourism development approach in the context of developing countries. It was found that there are operational, structural and cultural limits to community participation in the TDP in many developing countries although they do not equally exist in every tourist destination. Moreover, while these limits tend to exhibit higher intensity and greater persistence in the developing world than in the developed world, they appear to be a reflection of prevailing socio-political, economic and cultural structure in many developing countries. On the other hand, it was also found that although these limitations may vary over time according to types, scale and levels of tourism development, the market served, and cultural attributes of local communities, forms and scale of tourism developed are beyond the control of local communities. It concludes that formulating and implementing the participatory tourism development approach requires a total change in socio-political, legal, administrative and economic structure of many developing countries, for which hard political choices and logical decisions based on cumbersome social, economic and environmental trade-offs are sine qua non alongside deliberate help, collaboration and co-operation of major international donor agencies, NGOs, international tour operators and multinational companies.     

跨国公司在华子公司循环型发展战略

本文通过分析研究跨国公司在华子公司实施循环型发展战略的五大动因,结合2005年关于跨国公司在华子公司战略研究方面的调研结果．认为跨国公司在华子公司制定的发展战略正在我国发展循环经济的影响下呈现出一些新的特点,即出现了循环型发展战略。本文在提出跨国公司在华子公司循环型发展战略方格图的基础上．对目前跨国公司在华实践的循环型发展战略五个主要模式进行了归纳、总结。     

Mega-events as drivers of community participation in developing countries: The case of Shanghai World Expo

Within a wide body of literature it has been argued and demonstrated that community participation in tourism development is advantageous in terms of the sustainability and effectiveness of the development policies adopted. However, over time, doubts have been raised about whether community participation should take place in developing countries. There are major concerns regarding the immaturity and the incompliance of the political and social conditions of developing countries in relation to the requirements necessary for an effective participatory planning. In this paper, we argue that mega-events, due to their wide scope and the key role that large groups of stakeholders play in their success, may represent a driver for community participation in developing countries. In order to explore our idea, we will analyse tourism development and the planning of a mega-event within the Yangtze River Delta area, driven by the organisation and preparation of the Shanghai World Expo. According to our evidence, some initial elements of participative decision-making have indeed developed around the organisation of this mega-event, even though China has historically been considered refractory towards community participation. Finally, we discuss the findings in the light of existing knowledge to elicit significant questions about community participation in tourism development within developing countries and to address further research on this topic.