再看欧债危机后我国外贸企业的应对策略

继美国次贷危机后,09年爆发的欧洲债务危机再一次影响全球。欧债危机不仅令全球经济面临重大下行风险,而且危机的出现也对全球经济的复苏蒙上了阴影。近年来,我国出现的出口下滑,经济增速放缓以及人民币升值等现象也和欧债危机的出现不无联系,我国的外贸企业更是接连面对两次危机压力巨大。危机所带来的影响深入经济发展各个领域,短时期内难以消散,经济发展可能再次触底。面对危机我国应转变政府职能构建经济发展有利环境,转危机为时机加快产业结构优化升级,强化创新提升企业核心竞争力,完善现代企业制度促进国际交流与合作。外贸企业更应该把握其中隐藏的机遇,在对外交流中,不断完善现代企业制度,从而顺利度过危机。     

Risk of poverty in Southern Europe

We analyze whether the risk of poverty deteriorates with the crisis in France, Greece, Italy and Spain, for different categories of households, individual features and policy instruments, such as the regional European Structural Funds. We find that the impact of the economic recession was heterogeneous, deteriorating the status of temporary workers, self-employed, single and female-headed households, while the risk of poverty decreased relatively for larger households with dependent children and elderly members. We also find that targeted funds toward human capital investment are associated to decreasing the risk of poverty, but the crisis slowed down their effects.     

The contribution of granular and fundamental comparative advantage to European Union countries' export specialisation

This paper analyses the contribution of fundamental comparative advantage (a country-specific component) and granular comparative advantage (a firm-specific component) to European Union countries' export specialisation. We find that, on average, granular comparative advantage may explain export specialisation in 29% of industries, which account for 47% of total exports. We also show that 60% of the variation in export specialisation across countries and industries may be explained by granular comparative advantage. These results highlight that some outstanding firms may play a very important role in explaining European Union countries' export specialisation.     

Error analysis of finite difference and Markov chain approximations for option pricing

Mijatovi? and Pistorius proposed an efficient Markov chain approximation method for pricing European and barrier options in general one‐dimensional Markovian models. However, sharp convergence rates of this method for realistic financial payoffs, which are nonsmooth, are rarely available. In this paper, we solve this problem for general one‐dimensional diffusion models, which play a fundamental role in financial applications. For such models, the Markov chain approximation method is equivalent to the method of lines using the central difference. Our analysis is based on the spectral representation of the exact solution and the approximate solution. By establishing the convergence rate for the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions, we obtain sharp convergence rates for the transition density and the price of options with nonsmooth payoffs. In particular, we show that for call‐/put‐type payoffs, convergence is second order, while for digital‐type payoffs, convergence is generally only first order. Furthermore, we provide theoretical justification for two well‐known smoothing techniques that can restore second‐order convergence for digital‐type payoffs and explain oscillations observed in the convergence for options with nonsmooth payoffs. As an extension, we also establish sharp convergence rates for European options for a rich class of Markovian jump models constructed from diffusions via subordination. The theoretical estimates are confirmed using numerical examples.     

The restructuring of the Spanish integrated steel industry in the European panorama (1971–86): A lost opportunity

Spanish steelmaking policy in the 1970s and early 1980s was not especially different from that of the main European countries. The political transition was a tense experience that heightened the problems and made economic policy decisions harder to reach, but it did not cause a fundamental divergence from the rest of Europe. What made the steel restructuring policy fail and forced a new and costly restructuring in the 1990s, was the decision of the Socialist government, newly elected in 1982, to opt for maintaining the inland steelworks instead of the coastal steelworks. Its motives were related to the locations of these steelworks in socially and politically sensitive areas. The closure of Sagunto marked the end of the only real possibility of Spain having a competitive integrated steelworks in terms of its integration into Europe.     

European‐Type Contingent Claims in an Incomplete Market with Constrained Wealth and Portfolio

This paper considers the problem of hedgeability and replicability of European‐type contingent claims in an incomplete market with the wealth and the portfolio possibly being constrained. For the case of no constraint, using the idea of a Four Step Scheme (Ma, Protter, and Yong 1994), we prove the replicability of a class of contingent claims (including European call and put options) without assuming ad hoc technical conditions. For the case with the wealth and portfolio being constrained, several positive and negative results concerning hedgeability and replicability are presented.     

阿苯达唑及其代谢物在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学及残留研究

在试验水温（25±2）℃条件下,按2 mg/kg的浓度给欧洲鳗鲡浸浴阿苯达唑36 h,高效液相色谱法测定血浆和肌肉组织中的药物浓度,研究阿苯达唑在欧洲鳗鲡体内的代谢及消除规律。结果显示：阿苯达唑和阿苯达唑亚砜的血药时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,阿苯达唑砜符合一级吸收一室开放模型;其消除半衰期分别为34.15h、99.34h、46.00 h,最大血药浓度分别为3.887、6.830、1.738 mg/L,达峰时间分别为7.27h1、8.00h、40.67h,药时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为129.71、921.95、236.58 mg.h/L。选取可食组织肌肉作为残留检测的靶组织,以农业部残留限量100μg/kg为最高残留限量,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不低于23 d。     

中国—东盟关税同盟区的贸易效应分析

东盟的未来取决于和中国经济一体化的程度,这是一个不争的事实。本文通过一般均衡分析模型、贸易创造和贸易转移模型、竞争效应模型、规模经济效应模型对中国东盟关税同盟区的贸易效应进行了前瞻性的分析和探索,旨在为加深中国东盟经济一体化进程提供理论上的支持。     

欧盟关于人员自由流动的立法特点及其启示

欧洲联盟内部人员自由流动,同商品、服务和资本的自由流动一起,构成了欧洲经济一体化的基本内容.人员在成员国之间自由流动,直接冲击成员国现行的经济、社会等制度,因此往往遭遇障碍和歧视.欧盟从建立时起,就注重对人员自由流动的法律调整,并形成了自己鲜明的立法特点.我国正处于城市化的高潮时期,人员流动正迅速发展.我们应该借鉴欧盟的经验,加强人员流动方面的立法,以确保人员流动有序进行,促进改革开放的健康、和谐发展.     

Market integration and convergence to the Law of One Price: evidence from the European car market

This paper exploits the unique case of European market integration to investigate the relationship between integration and price convergence in international markets. Using a panel data set of car prices, we examine how the process of integration has affected cross-country price dispersion in Europe. We find surprisingly strong evidence of convergence towards both the absolute and the relative versions of the Law of One Price (LOOP). Our analysis illuminates the main sources of segmentation in international markets and suggests the type of institutional changes that can successfully reduce it.