欧盟碳税政策的经验与启示

随着全球气候变化带来的恶劣影响进一步加剧,减缓和适应气候变化已成为世界各国所关心的重要议题。越来越多的国家采取了各种温室气体减排措施,征收碳税就是其中之一。目前欧盟一些国家已实行碳税,并取得了一定的效果。以芬兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国为例,对这四个国家的碳税情况进行比较分析,以期对中国有所启示。     

欧债危机的深层次原因分析及其启示

万解秋教授认为,欧债危机是金融危机的延续,其背后的根本原因是经济体制和结构的失衡,低效率的经济运行和增长动力的衰退,难以用国家债务来填补,当然也不可能用发行货币来解决,金融危机以及随后的债务危机是这种经济衰退危机的必然表现,而仅仅想通过债务发行和货币投放就能解决问题的想法,是不现实的,它有可能招致更严重的经济衰退和危机,这也是我们现在所应该引以为戒的。白永秀教授认为,欧债危机从深层原因来看,是现代市场经济体制下效率与公平、实体经济与虚拟经济、责任与权利之间矛盾激化的必然产物。钱津研究员认为欧洲债务危机不是市场化的信用危机,而是政府信用的危机。传统的陈旧的货币理论直接导致了经济相对脆弱的一些欧洲国家在遭遇到国际金融危机之后的自家政府财务的危机。从本质上看,欧洲债务危机是一个货币理论亟需转换和推进的问题。余斌研究员则认为,欧债危机不同于不以人的意志为转移的经济危机,它更多地是一场人为的危机。他进一步指出,如果中国大量持有欧债,那么欧盟和德法金融寡头必然会以国际社会的舆论压力如设置人权话题等手段在合适的时机迫使中国同样贬值所持有的欧债,借机掠夺中国人民。     

政府不能承揽过多的经济责任

万解秋教授认为,欧债危机是金融危机的延续,其背后的根本原因是经济体制和结构的失衡,低效率的经济运行和增长动力的衰退,难以用国家债务来填补,当然也不可能用发行货币来解决,金融危机以及随后的债务危机是这种经济衰退危机的必然表现,而仅仅想通过债务发行和货币投放就能解决问题的想法,是不现实的,它有可能招致更严重的经济衰退和危机,这也是我们现在所应该引以为戒的。白永秀教授认为,欧债危机从深层原因来看,是现代市场经济体制下效率与公平、实体经济与虚拟经济、责任与权利之间矛盾激化的必然产物。钱津研究员认为欧洲债务危机不是市场化的信用危机,而是政府信用的危机。传统的陈旧的货币理论直接导致了经济相对脆弱的一些欧洲国家在遭遇到国际金融危机之后的自家政府财务的危机。从本质上看,欧洲债务危机是一个货币理论亟需转换和推进的问题。余斌研究员则认为,欧债危机不同于不以人的意志为转移的经济危机,它更多地是一场人为的危机。他进一步指出,如果中国大量持有欧债,那么欧盟和德法金融寡头必然会以国际社会的舆论压力如设置人权话题等手段在合适的时机迫使中国同样贬值所持有的欧债,借机掠夺中国人民。     

Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): the case of Pomerania,Poland

Despite empowerment being a crucial component of sustainable tourism, few scholars have quantitatively operationalized empowerment and looked at how it applies to rural societies within the post-communist European Union (EU) member states. Knowing the high priority of sustainable rural development goals within the EU, empowering residents within these post-communist societies has become a pertinent issue especially where those societies appear more reluctant to engaging in democratic ways of decision-making. In response to this gap, this study tests the cross-cultural validity of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale, and then evaluates how empowerment predicts residents’ support for tourism within the municipality of Choczewo, Pomerania, Poland. Using a theoretical perspective that blends Social Exchange Theory with Weber's Theory of Formal and Substantive Rationality, these non-economic empowerment dimensions are coupled with a measure of resident perceptions of economically benefiting from tourism to see if rural residents in Choczewo, Poland, are more swayed by the economic or non-economic benefits of tourism. Results show that residents within this Central and Eastern Europe setting are more influenced by the pride and self-esteem boost associated with psychological empowerment and the perceptions of increased community cohesion (i.e. social empowerment) than the economic promises of tourism.     

国际金融危机对中东欧国家经济的影响

中东欧的经济转轨国家在当前的国际金融危机中受到了比其他经济体更严重的影响。国际金融危机对中东欧国家造成的影响和冲击与这些国家转型后形成的制度基础和经济发展模式有关;各转型经济体因参与国际分工的方式和比较优势的不同,受到的影响也不同,但面临着性质大体相同的挑战。     

欧债危机的根源及对策分析——基于最优货币区内生性理论

根据最优货币区内生性理论,加入最优货币区的决定取决于一体化、对称性和劳动力市场弹性三种内生性。美国次贷危机导致欧元区对称性下降,金融一体化、劳动力市场弹性不足和财政转移支付等补偿机制的缺失,使得欧元区未能形成最优货币区。欧元区必须通过要素市场改革和推进财政一体化等措施,才能走出困境。     

How can the EU climate targets be met? A combined analysis of technological and demand-side changes in food and agriculture

To meet the 2 °C climate target, deep cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be required for carbon dioxide from fossil fuels but, most likely, also for methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture and other sources. However, relatively little is known about the GHG mitigation potential in agriculture, in particular with respect to the combined effects of technological advancements and dietary changes. Here, we estimate the extent to which changes in technology and demand can reduce Swedish food-related GHG emissions necessary for meeting EU climate targets. This analysis is based on a detailed representation of the food and agriculture system, using 30 different food items.We find that food-related methane and nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced enough to meet the EU 2050 climate targets. Technologically, agriculture can improve in productivity and through implementation of specific mitigation measures. Under optimistic assumptions, these developments could cut current food-related methane and nitrous oxide emissions by nearly 50%. However, also dietary changes will almost certainly be necessary. Large reductions, by 50% or more, in ruminant meat (beef and mutton) consumption are, most likely, unavoidable if the EU targets are to be met. In contrast, continued high per-capita consumption of pork and poultry meat or dairy products might be accommodated within the climate targets. High dairy consumption, however, is only compatible with the targets if there are substantial advances in technology. Reducing food waste plays a minor role for meeting the climate targets, lowering emissions only by an additional 1–3%.     

The nonobserved economy in the European Union

To better understand the share of the nonobserved economy (NOE) in the European Union, especially on the PIIGS, we estimate, through the multiple indicators multiple causes model, the path between 1980 and 2013. The model includes (i) the tax burden (disaggregated into direct and indirect taxes), a proxy of regulation burden, the unemployment rate and self-employment as causes of the NOE economy; (ii) the GDP and the labour force participation ratio as indicators of the NOE economy. In particular, the estimated weight of NOE as a percentage of official GDP was always higher in the PIIGS group.     

欧盟特保措施法对我国纺织品的影响及应采取的对策

本文对欧盟针对中国纺织品服装出口的特保措施法及实施细则进行了详细的介绍。主要分析了欧盟对于纺织品服装贸易特保措施法,提出我国相关企业应加快产业调整和产品升级,积极发挥我国政府和行业协会的作用,中欧之间的纺织品服装贸易就将朝着积极的方向发展。     

Consumer morality in times of economic hardship: evidence from the European Social Survey

Crimes of everyday life, often referred to as unfair or unethical practices committed in the marketplace by those who see themselves and are seen as respectable citizens, have burgeoned as a result of the transformations in the European economy in the late 20th century, namely the transition to neo‐liberal markets and the emergence of consumer society. A ‘cornucopia of new criminal opportunities’ has given rise to a new range of crimes such as ripping software, making false insurance claims or paying cash on hand to circumvent taxes. These shady behaviours (legal or not) are part of people's experience, albeit they are collectively regarded as morally dubious. Taken collectively, crimes of everyday life are indicators of the moral stage of a particular society and therefore a valuable instrument for social and political analysis. This paper addresses the question of whether and under which conditions feelings of economic hardship trigger crimes of everyday life. A multilevel theoretical and empirical perspective that integrates theories stemming from political science, sociology, and social psychology is adopted. I start by exploring the embeddedness of economic morality in social institutions, followed by an elaboration of the concept of market anomie to account for deviant behaviour in the marketplace, to finally step down to the examination of the correspondence between social attitudes and consumer behaviour, as postulated by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The empirical study relies on micro data from the European Social Survey (ESS) (Round 2) and attempts to model, for each country, a formative measure of crimes of everyday life based on socio‐demographic variables and the current economic situation, as it is perceived by the individual (taken as a measure of relative deprivation). The resultant country‐specific regression coefficients are mapped onto the broader economic and normative context of 23 European countries. The results reveal that crimes of everyday life are driven by feelings of economic hardship only in countries where normative factors dictate their deviance. In countries where fraudulent behaviour is more generalized, inner motivations to offend play a secondary role as the more privileged consumers are more likely to commit fraud as they interact more often with the market. In turn, normative aspects result from a dynamic interplay of cultural and economic factors. As the economy grows faster, the tendency to offend in the market becomes more visible, but only in countries whose gross domestic product (GDP) stands above the European average. In countries with low GDP, the normative landscape is shaped by cultural factors that seem to obfuscate the power of economic factors favourable to consumer fraud.