贸易中隐含碳问题溯源及其研究进展

随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快,环境问题逐渐成为全球共同关注的问题。同时贸易与环境的相互影响也在加剧,有关气候变化等国际环境问题的探索日益成为理论与政策研究的热点,随着2009年哥本哈根第十五次缔约方大会的召开,CO2等温室气体的控制减排已不再是个纯科学议题,而成为国际政治经济关系的重要话题,贸易中隐含碳的排放成为研究的焦点。本文旨在通过文献梳理探索隐含碳问题的渊源,并对目前国内外有关隐含碳问题的研究进行综述,以便更好地开展研究,正确合理界定中国实际CO2排放量并从外贸角度为缓解碳排放压力提供有利依据和指导。     

基于油气资源开发视角的西部区域经济发展战略设计

我国西部地区是油气资源富集地区,但资源优势未能转化为产业优势,西部地区的经济发展一定程度上呈现出“资源诅咒”特征。作者根据比较优势原理,在分析西部地区资源状况、生产能力和技术水平的基础上,以形成石油天然气产业集群为目标,设计了西部地区经济发展的资源开发利用战略、产业发展战略、区域创新战略以及矿权、税费与用地制度创新战略。     

苏浙沪碳排放影响因素分解及比较分析

基于苏浙沪地区1998年～2008年时间序列数据,根据碳排放量的基本等式,计算出苏浙沪地区总的碳排放及单位GDP碳排放,并运用LMDI因素分解模型,横向分析人口数量、经济规模、行业碳排放强度及行业产出份额对苏浙沪地区整个碳排放变化的影响情况,纵向比较国民经济六大部门的行业碳排放强度变化对碳排放的贡献率。研究表明:江浙沪地区的单位GDP碳排放逐步减少,碳排放的增速与GDP增速关系密切,经济增长是碳排放量变化的主要拉动因素,行业碳排放强度变化抑制了CO2的排放,尤其工业部门的贡献最大。     

中水源热泵地板供暖运行策略分析

为研究中水源热泵地板供暖系统的节能策略,以石家庄市某实际运行小区的中水源热泵地板辐射供暖系统为对象,引入室外综合温度的概念,综合考虑室外气温、太阳辐射热与风速等环境因子的影响,推导得出了地板辐射供暖系统质调节情况下,保证热用户舒适度的二次网供、回水温度调节公式。经实际运行测试,由该调节公式计算得出的二次网供、回水温度作为地板辐射供暖系统分时段质调节的依据,可以在满足热用户舒适度要求的情况下,取得良好的节能效果。中水源热泵系统与地板辐射供暖系统的结合及推广为城市集中供热提供了新思路。     

Research agenda for low-carbon mobility: Issues for New World cities

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon mobility (LCM) features strongly in debates about the sustainability of cities and their resilience in the face of demographic, economic, and climate change. Transport is a major source of carbon emissions and there are indications that these continue to increase, despite the considerable recent advances in vehicle, engine, and fuel technologies. Reducing carbon emissions from transport may become more difficult, not easier. A particular issue relates to the New World cities, typified by those of North America and Australasia, which largely developed from the latter half of the nineteenth century onward and whose transportation systems were largely based around private vehicle ownership and usage. These cities are typically composed of low-density, dispersed suburbs, which are highly car dependent and resource and carbon emission intensive. This article develops a research agenda directed at determining and testing policy and planning measures relevant to the quest for low carbon mobility in New World cities. It suggests a rich agenda for essential research on LCM. Much of this agenda falls within the realm of the integration of transport and land use, with attention to urban design details to enhance the perceptions of and opportunities to use low carbon transport alternatives. Research topics identified for LCM research include (1) urban design and land use–transport integration (LUTI), (2) low carbon mobility policies directed at achieving widespread behavior change, (3) opportunities for new technology and its application, including requirements for systems and infrastructure, and (4) analysis and tools for informed decision making, including modeling, measurement, visualization, and especially assessment.     

Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from electric vehicle operation in Australia using temporal vehicle charging and electricity emission characteristics

ABSTRACT

Significant interest exists in the potential for electric vehicles (EVs) to be a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. In order to establish the extent to which EVs will deliver abatement, however, a realistic understanding of the electricity and transport sector GHG emissions impacts arising from different approaches to integrating EVs into the power system is required. A key issue in this regard is the extent to which GHG emissions are a function of where and when EV charging will be enabled (or disabled) by the provision of recharging infrastructure and implementation of charging management strategies by the electricity industry. This article presents an investigation of the GHG emissions arising from electricity and gasoline consumption by plug-in hybrid EVs under a range of standard EV-power system integration scenarios. An assessment framework is presented, and GHG emissions from EV use are assessed for the New South Wales (NSW) and South Australian (SA) pools of the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) using retrospective electricity system generation data for 2011. Results highlight that there is a range of possible outcomes depending on the integration scenario and emissions accounting approach used. This range illustrates value of a temporally explicit assessment approach in capturing the temporal alignment of electricity sector emission intensity and EV charging. Results also show the importance of a clean electricity generation mix in order for EVs to provide a GHG abatement benefit beyond what would be achieved by a hybrid (but non-plug-in) vehicle. The extent to which overnight charging in NSW is observed to produce higher emissions relative to unmanaged charging also illustrates a possible trade-off between GHG emissions and benefits for electricity industry from EV charging at times of low demand.     

Interplay between ethanol and electric vehicles as low carbon mobility options for passengers in the municipality of São Paulo

The Brazilian cities as well as many of the large urban centers in the world continue to expand, increasing the demand for mobility and transport, while, at the same time, the same cities are investing in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation to avoid climate change. Brazil's urbanization rate increased from 26% in 1940 to almost 70% in 1980. During this period, the Brazilian population tripled and the urban population multiplied by seven. In 2010, the transport sector in São Paulo accounted for 71% of the total emissions released by the energy sector. Ethanol has been considered a fuel with less greenhouse gas emissions, when compared with fossil fuels. However, ethanol production would have to double to meet the expected demand. Electric vehicles (EVs) market is expanding around the world, and is also an option to reduce the transport emissions, if powered by clean electricity. To assess whether the adoption of EVs might bring more benefits than the current ethanol, we develop prospective scenarios supported by the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) simulation tool, taking a bottom-up tank-to-wheel approach to consider the CO₂ emissions of car in São Paulo. The scenario considering a substitution of 25% of gasoline-powered cars by EV in 2030 showed a reduction in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, around 15% and 26% respectively in that year in comparison with 2015. We discuss the interplay between ethanol and EV, also considering emission coefficients from life cycle analysis conducted in Brazil, and concluded EV will have higher positive impact on climate change mitigation than ethanol.     

工业集聚与污染排放强度——基于固定效应门限回归模型的再检验

为研究工业集聚对污染排放强度的影响,本文选取2000~2015年全国30个省市（自治区）的面板数据,以工业集聚为门槛变量,利用固定效应门限回归模型,实证分析了不同工业集聚水平对污染排放强度的影响。结果发现：工业集聚对废水排放强度的影响存在显著门槛效应,在达到门槛值前,工业集聚很大程度降低了废水排放强度,在跨过门槛值后,这种作用会减弱。工业集聚与废气排放强度呈显著倒“U”型关系,在工业集聚水平小于门槛值时,工业集聚会加剧废气排放,大于门槛值后,工业集聚会降低废气排放强度。工业集聚会降低废物排放强度,但未出现显著门槛效应。     

基于碳排放的闭环供应链政府奖惩机制研究

温室气体的排放问题已成为国际社会亟待解决的问题,解决这一问题的必由之路就是通过降低产品碳排量实现从源头上减排。本文研究由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的逆向供应链系统,建立了政府实施回收奖惩机制的动态博弈模型,比较分析了有无政府回收奖惩机制两种情形下零售商的回收比例、供应链参与方的期望利润和产品的碳排放总量。研究结果表明,政府回收奖惩机制提高了回收比例和碳减排水平;当再制造减排程度较小时,政府回收奖惩机制降低了碳排放总量;基于消费者低碳偏好的政府回收奖惩机制提高了制造商和零售商的利润,更大程度的降低了产品总碳排放量;政府回收奖惩机制下较小的目标回收率能够最大化零售商利润。     

EU Policies on Bioenergy and their Potential Clash with the WTO

The paper outlines EU policy on bioenergy, including biofuels, in the context of its policy initiatives to promote renewable energy to combat greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The EU’s Member States are responsible for implementing EU policy: thus, the UK’s Renewables Obligation on electricity suppliers and its Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and road‐fuel tax rebates are examined. It is unlikely that EU policy is in conflict with the WTO Agreement on Agriculture or that on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, but its provisions on environmental sustainability criteria could be problematic.