论数据权益的刑法保护——民刑交错视角下的法益保护论探讨

关于“数据权益的刑法保护”问题，在理论层面上，可从“刑法解释论”和“刑法立法论”两种路径进行探讨。“刑法解释论”探讨路径以现行《刑法》罪名体系为出发点，主要任务是揭示哪些罪名的犯罪构成之设置是以“数据权益”为规范保护目的；“刑法立法论”探讨路径是在刑法立法层面上探讨立法者为在刑法政策上实现数据权益的刑法保护这一目的，动用刑罚禁止何种行为类型才具正当性的问题。然而，两种探讨路径都将依赖于“数据权益”的内涵确定以及法益格的认定问题，换言之，是刑法法益理论在数据权益刑法保护问题上的具体运用。《民法典》第127条并非是关于数据的确权性规定，且在民法理论界关于数据权益的法律属性存在诸多争议的状况下，“数据权益”内涵不明、法律属性不清导致其并不具备作为刑法保护客体的“法益”格。当前刑法理论界存在的关于“数据权益”的刑法类法益保护模式探讨路径，是对刑法法益保护方式的误读，并未触及“数据权益刑法保护”之规范层面问题的实质。“数据安全”法益观的探讨路径则不仅混淆了现象层面与规范层面上的“数据犯罪”概念的界分，也由于没有论证“数据安全”如何能够构成刑法的保护法益，而导致结论过于武断。在理论探讨上，应该明确作为行为客体的物理层面上的“数据”概念与作为保护客体的法益层面上的“数据权益”概念之间的区别，据此明确“数据权益的刑法保护”在规范层面上是否构成新问题。     

Adoption des Politiques de Protection de l'Environnement et performance des Entreprises Camerounaises

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the environmental protection policies of by Cameroonian firms on their performance. It uses the endogenous switching regression technique and propensity scores applied to micro-data from 639 firms in Cameroon. The results show that only 17% of firms adopt these measures, while on average 85% of firms produce solid, gaseous or liquid waste. The results also indicate that the adoption of these environmental protection policies increases operating costs while significantly improving the turnover and the performance of the productive capacity of the company. These increases are 39.11%, 58.6%, and 38.63% for operating costs, turnover and return on productive capacity of the company, respectively. However, firms can also suffer significant losses resulting from the non-adoption of environmental policies. In fact, firms that do not adopt environmental protection policies have their performance reduced by an average of 1.625 percentage points.     

Fear appeals and coping appeals for health product promotion: Impulsive purchasing or psychological distancing?

The prevalence of online health communities (OHCs) motivates health product companies to manipulate persuasion-based marketing strategies, including fear appeals and coping appeals, to promote health products. However, whether such a practice is effective remains unclear. Respondents may either impulsively purchase the recommended health products or simply distance themselves psychologically from the information. Building on protection motivation theory (PMT), this study uncovers the mechanisms behind these two coping responses to persuasive messages, namely, the impulsive purchasing and psychological distancing of OHC users. Correspondingly, we evaluated 366 valid questionnaires, and the results reveal that (1) when encountering fear appeals, perceived health threat can evoke cyberchondria, leading to psychological distancing; and (2) when encountering coping appeals, perceived response efficacy leads to product affection, fostering impulsive purchasing. This study provides new insights into the effects of persuasive messages for health product promotion in social commerce. Marketers should design appropriate persuasive messages to foster impulsive purchasing by generating individuals’ product affection and avoiding cyberchondria.     

我国商业健康保险主体地位缺失及对策分析

我国目前的健康保障体系存在着总体结构不合理、商业健康保险所占比例偏低及发挥作用偏小等问题,这与商业健康保险在国家健康保障体系中的主体地位缺失直接相关。本文对商业健康保险主体地位欠缺造成的发展不足进行了详尽分析,并就如何在国家健康保障体系中建立商业健康保险的主体地位提出了相应的对策建议。     

申遗背景下的中国自然遗产潜力评估

参照世界自然遗产地学、美学、生物生态过程和濒危物种栖息地4项申遗评选标准,依据地貌景观、生物景观等价值构成,建立美学价值评估方法;依据世界遗产13类地学主题评价框架、地质演化过程、典型类型地貌等价值构成,建立地学价值评估方法;依据生态系统过程、物种多样性、栖息地等价值构成,建立生物生态学价值评估方法。利用全球对比的方法提取和评估突出普遍价值,将中国自然遗产潜力区分为青藏高原区、西北干旱区、东部季风区等生态环境基本单元,筛选我国世界自然遗产潜力区。重点提出海洋类世界自然遗产和西部北部地区申遗的可能性,提出中国申报世界自然遗产突出普遍价值的评估策略与优先原则。     

专利执行保险与上市公司创新行为研究

专利制度的本质是对知识资源产权归属进行确权。基于我国第一批和第二批专利执行保险试点这一准自然试验,借助沪深上市公司2008-2017年数据,通过双重差分法（DID）实证检验了专利执行保险对上市公司创新行为的影响。研究发现：专利执行保险加强了知识产权保护,能显著提升上市公司创新积极性和创新投入力度;专利执行保险显著增加了上市公司专利申请数量及专利授权数量等创新产出。进一步研究发现,国有控股、市场化进程、法制化完备程度均能显著促进专利执行保险对上市公司的创新激励效应。利用敏感性检验和工具变量法对内生性进行控制后,上述结论仍然成立。因此,加强专利保护制度建设对促进上市公司创新具有重要意义。     

World Heritage: Exploring the Tension Between the National and the ‘Universal’

The complex issues of conservation, politics, tourism management and ownership have emerged as critical issues within the World Heritage debate and specifically within heritage tourism research. Within this context, this paper focuses on issues of ownership and belonging and argues that there exists a link between the conceptual inconsistencies inherent in the World Heritage idea and the tensions between the national and the ‘universal’ evident at a number of World Heritage Sites. That is, heritage sites that are deemed to be of ‘outstanding universal value’ and are bestowed with the World Heritage accolade are consequently no longer expected to be perceived as symbols of particular national identities, but as heritage belonging to all humankind. This, of course, provokes a series of debates over the issues of ownership and belonging of such heritage, namely between the national and the ‘universal’ suggesting that it is possible to perceive World Heritage as synonymous with contested heritage. The paper explores these issues of ownership and focuses on the Acropolis, symbol of the World Heritage idea, as a case study utilising an exploratory semiotic analysis of the promotional material released by the Greek National Tourism Organisation over the last five years.     

危机背景下金融消费者保护法律制度研究

美国金融危机中凸显的众多金融消费者利益严重受损的事实使我们意识到,金融产品尤其是金融衍生品的复杂特性使得金融消费者比一般消费者更为弱势,需要专门的机构和立法予以特别保护。我国对金融消费者尚无准确的界定,金融消费者很难列入《消费者权益保护法》的调整范畴,其他涉及金融消费者保护的内容散见于诸多法律法规和部门规章中,可以借鉴美国金融改革的有益经验,逐步完善我国金融消费者保护法律制度。     

内部控制、治理环境与投资者保护

本文研究了内部控制质量对投资者保护的影响,以及不同治理环境对内部控制治理功能的影响。研究发现:内部控制质量的提高,或更为充分的内控信息披露有助于抑制大股东资金占用,有助于抑制经理人与股东之间的代理成本;治理环境越差的地区,内部控制治理效应越高。这说明,对于投资者保护较弱的地区,内部控制可能成为补偿弱投资者保护负面影响的一种替代机制。本文研究意味着,近年来推出的内部控制相关制度起到了积极的效果;此外,完善上市公司内部控制,对于治理环境较差、投资者利益得不到有效保障的地区显得尤为重要。