Multiracialism and Meritocracy: Singapore's Approach to Race and Inequality

This paper characterizes Singapore's efforts to tackle the problem of persistent racial inequality in terms of the notion of fair meritocracy. Singapore's race policy attempts to level the playing field through its unique race-based self-help organizations and a comprehensive, racially integrated, public housing program. Individuals are then sorted by the ostensibly objective mechanism of a standardized test based educational system. The social and economic implications of this policy are examined and, using summary data from the 1980 and 1990 censuses, the extent to which Singapore has been successful in creating a fair multiracial meritocracy is assessed.     

东湖高新区科技创新国际化发展研究

随着经济全球化的深入发展,基于国际化视野进行创新政策、体制和创新体系改革的需求日益迫切。科技创新国际化已成为推动企业自主创新能力发展、经济结构调整与产业转型升级的一项关键举措,对于推动地区经济发展具有重要战略意义。对东湖高新区科技创新国际化现状进行了分析,研究了东湖高新区科技创新国际化优势以及存在的问题,提出依据政策资源、区内资源、人力和金融优势,通过引进国际化海外人才、营造科技创新环境、加大科技投融资建设和完善国际化政务服务体系等措施,实现东湖高新区科技创新国际化发展。     

The effect of education on the minimum wage

This research shows for the first time that the level of education has a causal, negative effect on the minimum wage. I use 2SLS, with historical educational data as an instrument for the level of education in 2010, and I find that across the US states a one percentage point greater proportion of college graduates is associated with a real minimum wage that is lower by 1.5%–1.6%. Also, in order to control for state-level omitted variables, I regress the change in the minimum wage on the change in education and I find again a negative, and significantly at the 1% level, effect. Minimum wage is a policy that is chosen by governments according to voters’ preferences. The results of this research imply that when the level of education increases voters prefer a lower minimum wage.     

Income inequality and education revisited: persistence,endogeneity and heterogeneity

This article presents new results on the relationship between income inequality and education expansion – that is, increasing average years of schooling and reducing inequality of schooling. When dynamic panel estimation techniques are used to address issues of persistence and endogeneity, we find a large, positive, statistically significant and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older-age cohorts. The relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is positive, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling. While this positive relationship is small and not always statistically significant, we find a statistically significant negative relationship with years of schooling of younger cohorts. Statistical tests indicate that our dynamic estimators are consistent and that our identifying instruments are valid. Policy simulations suggest that education expansion will continue to be inequality reducing. This role will diminish as countries develop, but it could be enhanced through a stronger focus on reducing inequality in the quality of education.     

新兴市场后发企业逆向创新路径研究

作为一种全新的创新全球化扩散模式,逆向创新理论研究尚处于起步阶段。选取华为公司作为逆向创新研究案例,从技术和市场两大维度探讨其逆向创新发展模式,总结其可以复制推广的经验和做法,并提出新兴市场后发企业逆向创新路径与驱动力模型。在丰富并发展逆向创新理论的同时,也为中国企业特别是后发高科技企业提高创新能力以及加快国际化进程提供了借鉴与启示。     

Do pensions foster education? An empirical perspective

The paper examines the effect of population ageing on public education spending. On the one hand, ageing is expected to have a negative effect on education, as an increasing number of retirees results in ‘intergenerational conflict’ and, hence, the condemnation of education expenditure. On the other hand, ageing, in combination with pay-as-you-go pension systems, offers incentives for the working-age generation to invest in the public education of the young in order to ‘reap’ the benefits (that is, higher income tax/contributions) of their greater future productivity. Empirical evidence derived from the application of a fixed effects approach to panel data for OECD countries shows that the increasing share of elderly people has a non-linear effect on education spending. This indicates a certain degree of intergenerational conflict. Nevertheless, we find that future population ageing, which reinforces the mechanism linking public education and pensions, reflects positively on education expenditure. Furthermore, by disaggregating total education expenditure by educational levels, we observe that this effect is led by levels of non-compulsory education, probably as a reflection of the direct connection to labor productivity.     

国家高新区创新国际化水平及影响因素研究

创新国际化是增强国家国际竞争力的关键。构建国家高新技术产业开发区创新国际化水平评价指标体系,以2014-2016年我国"一带一路"沿线68个国家高新区为研究对象,运用主成分分析法和二次指派程序方法对国家高新区创新国际化水平及影响因素进行实证研究。结果发现:国家高新区创新国际化以创新主体交互、创新活动融入、创新资源流动、创新绩效提升为本质特征;国家高新区创新国际化水平存在显著的区域不平衡性,东部沿海高新区创新国际化水平较高,中西部高新区创新国际化水平较低;国家高新区地理位置、经济发展、技术水平、政策质量等差异对创新国际化水平差异影响显著,自然生态环境差异对创新国际化水平差异影响不显著。     

黑龙江挠力河国家级自然保护区环境教育现状与发展对策

环境教育是实现保护区资源保护的一种有效途径,虽然在挠力河自然保护区内开展过相关的环境教育,但形式单一、不成规模。通过对游客进行问卷调查,可见游客对保护区开展的环境教育满意度不高,感知程度并不明显。基于对环境教育开展情况的相关调查的结果,提出针对挠力河自然保护区的环境教育对策。     

用生态经济学的观点指导乡镇企业的发展

乡镇企业的发展,促进了经济的增长。但部分乡镇企业,由于生态经济观念的淡薄,已成为严重污染环境的污染源。解决的办法,只有从提高乡镇企业职工的素质着手,对他们进行生态经济及法制观念的教育。只有职工的素质提高了,才能引导乡镇企业朝着生态经济协调发展的方向前进。     

The economic returns to schooling for Italian men. An evaluation based on instrumental variables

We study the relationship between (log) hourly earnings and schooling for male household heads in Italy, using cross-sectional data from the 1993 and 1995 waves of the Bank of Italy (BI) survey on the income and wealth of Italian households. In line with international evidence, we find that OLS under-estimate the return to schooling. When the endogeneity of schooling is taken into account, the return to an additional year in school increases from 4.8% to 5.6%. This estimate is lower than the estimates tabulated by Card [Card, D., 1994. Earnings, Schooling and Ability Revisited. NBER Working Paper no. 4832.] for the United States. We also find evidence that this return increases with higher levels of educational attainment.