Significant Issues for the Future of Product Innovation

What's happening in the world of product innovation? What are the tough issues that managers are facing? And what's going to happen in the remaining years of this decade? In this article, several members of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Product Innovation Management offer their ideas about where the important problems lie. This is the fodder for a good round table discussion and through the medium of this journal we'll engage in such a discussion in this and a subsequent issue.     

Order preserving functions and generalized convexity

In order to better understand the monotonicity properties which characterize the gradient of pseudoconvex and quasi convex funzions, psedomonotonicity and quasi monotonicity can be introduced. A quite different approach is proposed in this paper, by defining new order relations, whose preservation leads precisely to several kinds of pseudoconvexity and quasi convexity. Some general properties of order preservation are proved; they are useful to state necessary and sufficient conditions of monotonicity for particular orders related with generalized convexity.     

GIS(全封闭式组合电器)安装要求及注意事项

文章就如何掌握GIS(全封闭式组合电器)安装技术进行交流探讨,基于GIS为新一代成套封闭式高压电器设备,针对其技术特点,提出相应安装技术要求及注意事项.     

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA OVER THE LONG RUN

The low pace of Latin American productivity growth in recent decades, despite extensive economic reforms, has yet to be understood in a longer‐run context where factors such as demographic changes, structural shifts, and investment levels can be taken fully into account. The OxLAD database provides comparable sectoral output and workforce series over 1900–2000 for the six leading economies in the region for the first time. Our analysis of this new dataset shows that: intersectoral resource reallocation reduced aggregate productivity growth in all three periods; total factor productivity growth was low throughout the century, and even negative in the closing three decades; and thus factor accumulation—investment in fixed capital and skilled labor—was the main source of productivity growth in Latin America during the twentieth century.     

Localized Technological Progress And Industry Structure: An Empirical Approach *

Modem innovation theory holds that the choice of production technique and technical porgress are unseparable activities so that technological progress can be described as localized. Based on this conception one has to expect an intra-sectoral firm heterogeneity in the production techniques applied and the technical efficiency achieved which contrasts to the presumption of intra-sectoral homogeneity as suggested by neoclassical theory. For measuring intra-industry heterogeneity an empirical tool is required which does not rest on the assumption of homogeneity, i.e. on a common production function for all firms under consideration. The method which does not require this assumption, Data Envelopment Analysis, is non-parametric, allows for firm-specific production functions and helps to determine differences in both technical efficiency and production technique applied. This tool is introduced in its basic formulation, its main features are discussed on ihe basis of modern innovation theory, and an empirical analysis for the German machinery, electronics and chemical industry is presented.     

Hierarchical Modelling of Disparities in Preferences for Redistribution*

We evaluate the magnitude of the disparities in the demand for redistribution across European countries and American states during the 2000s. Modelling the demand for redistribution in a multilevel framework, we identify the determinants that contribute the most in predicting support for redistribution. We observe that individual characteristics and contextual variables are associated with demand for redistribution in the same way in Europe and in the US, whereas others exert different influences on the probability of supporting redistribution. We find important differences from some well‐established evidence obtained from data collected for the 1980s and the 1990s.     

从大学英语四六级听力考试谈大学生思辨能力的培养

本文从大学英语教学现状出发,明确思辨能力的含义,探讨英语学习中的思辨缺席现象;通过大学英语四、六级听力测试考生存在的问题,分析出大学生英语学习中思辨能力的不足,并提出改进建议。     

The social cost of labor in rural development: job creation benefits re-examined

Job creation effects are examined as they would apply to social analysis of rural development programming by public or private sector agencies. A synthesis and critique are provided of approaches to valuing the social opportunity cost of labor. These approaches vary according to whether or not unemployment is present in the pre‐project state and according to whether or not there is interregional migration in response to project hiring. Graphical, partial equilibrium analysis illustrates why, in general, job creation and project employment give rise to social costs, not benefits. The magnitude of these social costs is shown to depend upon the presence of payroll taxes, wage subsidies and unemployment, in addition to the market's supply and demand elasticities. These social costs may be reduced or offset in specific instances where projects increase the value of labor's productivity or reduce its costs, such as with job training, worker mobility and skill development projects. Careful attention to these approaches can help society choose correctly among alternative development proposals and among alternative (labor‐intensive versus capital‐intensive) technologies.     

反向NAT-PT

为了适应在过渡时期IPv4和IPv6两种网络的互联需要,本文提出了反向NAT-PT(NetworkAddressTranslation-ProtocolTrconslation)。反向NAT-PT是一种基于NAT-PT的翻译机制,它能够将内部IPv4网络连接到外部IPv6网络且内部IPv4网络无需为此进行任何修改。本文对首先对反向NAT-PT的原理进行了详细的说明,然后给出了它的功能模块划分,最后用简单的实验证明了反向NAT-PT的可行性。