关于计提资产减值准备的理论反思

制度《企业会计制度》颁布以后,计提资产减值准备的内容颇受关注。新制度虽然在理论上广泛受到好评,但在具体实施过程中仍遇到了一些实际问题。笔者在论述计提资产减值准备的意义和国内外相关规定的基础上进一步分析了我国资产减值准备有关规定在具体实施过程中遇到的困难,并提出相应的解决措施。     

Goodwill impairment as a reflection of investment opportunities

We exploit a unique opportunity to examine whether goodwill impairment write‐offs reflect firms’ investment opportunities during the first years of the US goodwill impairment accounting regime. We find that impairment write‐offs are negatively associated with firms’ underlying investment opportunities. We also find associations between goodwill impairment write‐offs and traditionally applied leverage, firm size and return on assets variables, although the leverage and firm size results are less robust. The results support the International Accounting Standards Board and Financial Accounting Standards Board contention that an impairment test regime can reflect firms’ underlying economic attributes, while simultaneously indicating that managers use discretion to reduce contracting costs.     

Anatomy of a bail-in

To mitigate potential contagion from future banking crises, the European Commission recently proposed a framework which would provide for the bail-in of bank creditors in the event of failure. In this study, we examine this framework retrospectively in the context of failed European banks during the global financial crisis. Empirical findings suggest that equity and subordinated bond holders would have been the main losers from the €535 billion impairment losses realized by failed European banks. Losses attributed to senior debt holders would, on aggregate, have been proportionally small, while no losses would have been imposed on depositors. Cross-country analysis, incorporating stress-tests, reveals a divergence of outcomes with subordinated debt holders wiped out in a number of countries, while senior debt holders of Greek, Austrian and Irish banks would have required bail-in.     

资产减值会计：制度变迁、理论透析及实施困境

资产减值会计对于真实反映企业资产价值和披露企业经营业绩具有积极意义。本文在简要梳理国外及我国资产减值会计制度变迁过程的基础上,透析了资产减值会计的若干理论问题,探讨了资产减值会计实施中存在的困境与面临的挑战,并就完善资产减值会计提出了建议。     

关于商业银行贷款减值拨备问题的思考

本文分析了有关贷款减值问题的国内、国际规则以及目前国内商业银行贷款减值的典型做法及其可能存在的问题,并在借鉴国际先进银行贷款减值的做法的基础上提出了对策与建议。     

Does the Prohibition of Long-lived Asset Impairment Reversals Affect Corporate Innovation? Evidence from a Quasi-experiment in China

China modified the asset impairment standard in 2007, prohibiting long-lived asset impairment reversal, which it had previously allowed. Using this setting as a quasi-experiment, we investigate how the prohibition of long-lived asset impairment reversal affects corporate technological innovation. Our empirical results demonstrate that the prohibition of impairment reversal has negative impacts on corporate innovation outputs. Further analyses reveal that the negative effect of this prohibition on corporate innovation is more prominent in companies with high discretionary accruals, high shareholding ratios for the largest shareholders, and companies in highly competitive markets.     

Profit status of microfinance institutions and incentives for earnings management

We theorize that for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) have higher incentives to use earnings management techniques when compared to their not-for-profit counterparts. Indeed, we show empirically that, when facing a distress period, for-profit MFIs are more likely to recognize impairment loan loss provisions than not-for-profit ones in about 0.8% of assets. This is consistent with the notion that those institutions are employing “big bath” accounting practices. Finally, using the 2008 crisis as an exogenous shock and country-level recessions as an exogenous measure of distress, we replicate our results.     

资产减值准备与公司盈余管理的实证分析

本文以新《资产减值准则》为基础,采用多元回归模型,对我国上市公司资产减值准备与盈余管理之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果发现:计提资产减值准备是亏损公司操纵利润的一个重要手段;减值前亏损并且无法达到盈利的公司会以计提资产减值进行"大洗澡"为下一年盈利做准备;利润平滑动机的公司进行资产减值转回的可能性小于其他公司;微利公司倾向于计提大量的减值准备;2006～2007年,上市公司并没有加大对流动资产减值准备的计提和长期资产减值准备的转回。另外,文章还根据实证提出了建议。     

The Effect of Reversibility on a Manager's Decision to Record Asset Impairments

Over time, accounting standards have moved toward presenting more items at fair value on the balance sheet. Consistent with this trend, IAS No. 36 permits an impairment loss on a long‐lived asset to be reversed if the economic value of the asset recovers. This article uses empirical data from an experiment conducted with 118 managers to explore the implication of allowing impairment reversals on a manager's decision to record the loss. Results suggest that permitting reversals significantly increases the likelihood that a manager will record the impairment, especially if the manager has a bonus plan. The bonus plan effect is not caused by the manager's intention to smooth income through impairment reversals, but by his disutility from a bonus forgone if the value of the asset recovers but accounting rules prohibit him from reversing the loss.     

商誉减值准则的变迁及启示:国际视野与中国实践

近年来,我国商誉减值乱象频发,很多上市公司因计提巨额商誉减值导致出现巨额亏损,引发了众多学者对商誉计量的高度关注。由于经济发展存在较大差异,不同国家的商誉准则也有很大区别。国际会计准则委员会、美国会计准则委员会及中国财政部会计准则委员会对有关商誉后续处理方法的准则规定存在很大不同,而大多数学者仅选取其中两者进行对比分析。纵观三者来看,我国商誉准则的变化受国际及美国会计准则委员会的综合影响较大,值得通过对比和分析来获得启示,为我国未来商誉准则的发展提供参考。