非正规金融与正规金融双重结构下货币政策工具比较研究

金融市场正规金融与非正规金融并存,使得货币政策工具的操作和传导具有更加复杂和非可控的微观因素。本文尝试将非正规金融纳入研究框架,建立四部门动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,比较数量型和价格型货币政策工具的有效性。研究显示,价格型货币政策工具对宏观经济变量的影响大于数量型货币政策工具,且持续时间较短,导致的通货膨胀上升幅度小。在对非正规金融的影响上,价格型货币政策工具的效果更显著。     

信用证新国际惯例——UCP600探析

《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP)是指导信用证业务操作的一套国际规则,自1933年首次颁布以来已进行了6次修订,新修订本(UCP600)于2007年7月1日生效。本文详细分析了UCP600较之UCP500在结构、条款、措辞和内容上的改进之处,同时探讨了UCP600尚存的问题,以期为有关各方学习和掌握UCP600提供参考。     

论我国劳动关系契约化中的正式约束与非正式约束

由于我国社会习俗、文化、价值观等非正式约束与正式约束的不匹配,导致《劳动合同法》的实施效果不尽如人意,这些非正式约束的限制主要表现在:关系经济降低了正式劳动合约的作用;集体主义制约了正式契约关系的拓展;等级制不利于建立平等的劳动契约关系;人治不利于劳动契约按法律的手段有效实施。正式制度只有在与非正式制度相容的情况下才能发挥作用,我国劳动关系契约化中正式约束与非正式约束不相适应会带来一些问题,主要表现在:它将影响我国社会从身份到契约的进程;影响我国《劳动合同法》的实施及其效果;它使劳动合同的作用难以发挥。     

The design and implementation of minibus taxi presumptive taxes

ABSTRACT

This paper assesses the design of Zimbabwe’s minibus taxi presumptive taxes that were first implemented in 2005 and evaluates them in terms of administrative effectiveness, equity and economic efficiency. The implications of these factors on tax compliance are also analysed. A mixed-methods approach was used where quantitative data were complemented by qualitative interviews with taxi operators and key informants from the country’s tax authority. The results suggest that presumptive taxes were poorly designed and administered with many operators going untaxed. The ‘informal taxes’ (bribes and ‘fees’) levied by corrupt officials, ‘committees’ and touts also resulted in taxes that did not promote equity or efficiency. Despite the numerous challenges identified, the article highlights key lessons for countries that are also trying to tax minibus taxis such as the importance of negotiating with taxi associations around taxation and the encouragement of quasi-voluntary compliance through the implementation of well-researched turnover-based presumptive taxes.     

Regulation of entry, labor market institutions and the informal sector

This paper develops a two-sector matching model that incorporates the main features of Latin American labor markets. It has an innovation in its matching structure that makes it more consistent with some key stylized facts of the informal sector in these countries. The model is numerically solved using Brazilian data and several policy simulations are performed. Reducing formal sector's entry cost significantly reduces the size of the informal sector and improves overall labor market performance. Increasing enforcement significantly reduces informality but has strong adverse effects on unemployment and welfare. Thus, the results indicate that the tradeoff between lower informal employment and higher unemployment rates is not present when one looks at policies that aim at reducing the costs of being formal, as opposed to policies that simply increase the costs of being informal.     

机构投资者、制度和监管:一个国际比较分析

本文将机构投资者视为一种特殊的制度安排,并用新制度经济学的一般原理进行了理论探讨,接着从制度和监管的角度,对现有的证券投资基金监管模式进行了国际比较分析,进而得出建立完善的法律体系是规范机构投资者发展的必要前提等经验启示.     

利率市场化改革如何影响了农村正规金融对非正规金融的替代性?

本文基于"技术内生效应"的视角研究了利率市场化改革对农村正规与非正规金融替代性的影响。本文指出利率市场化改革对农村正规金融利率调整的效应有三种,分别是直接名义收益效应、农户类型异质的借款人结构类型效应和正规金融机构解决信息不对称与监督问题的技术内生效应,这三种效应导致农村正规金融对非正规金融的替代呈倒"U"形关系。本文的实证研究表明利率市场化改革对正规与非正规金融替代性主要不是源于利率价格变动的名义收益效应,而是与信息不对称问题密切相关的借款人结构类型效应与技术内生效应。本文的政策含义在于,农村利率市场化改革要考虑普惠金融与金融精准扶贫的有效性,同时要考虑农村的信息不对称问题并做好激励机制设计。     

非正式环境规制能否推动工业企业研发

当面对环境治理与工业发展这一难题时,非正式环境规制给出了新解决路径。利用2007-2016年中国内地30个省市面板数据,在区分研发投入与研发成果的基础上,采用门槛面板模型研究非正式环境规制与工业企业研发间的非线性关系。结果表明,非正式环境规制对工业企业研发投入和研发成果的单一门槛效应成立。此外,非正式环境规制对于研发投入和研发成果的作用还受工业企业现金流和经营效率的影响。研究非正式环境规制对研发投入的影响发现,现金流存在单一门槛,经营效率则存在双重门槛;研究非正式环境规制对研发成果的影响发现,现金流和经营效率均存在单一门槛。     

Blockchain entrepreneurship opportunity in the practices of the unbanked

Two billion people in developing economies have limited or no access to formal financial services, creating cause for substantial research interest in financial inclusion as a complex multidimensional phenomenon. Digital finance technologies, including blockchain, have empowered a type of crescive entrepreneurship that seeks opportunities in relation to financially excluded individuals. This article hypothesizes that nonmonetary causal factors and informal financial practices play a major role in habits of the financially excluded, which would favor blockchain’s disintermediation features over the incumbent approach. After applying fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to determine the conditions related to financial practice and motivations that explain the absence of a formal bank account, I prescribe five sensitivities that blockchain entrepreneurs need to consider when targeting this segment. The value of this article’s approach extends well beyond traditional unisystemic views for financial inclusion, as blockchain-based entrepreneurial opportunities emerge to reveal alternative forms of disintermediated financial services, which we exemplify in startups modeling informal practices. Blockchain entrepreneurship can generate semi-formal financial services that bring financial aspirations closer to people. My perspective is relevant to blockchain entrepreneurs who aim to understand the practices of the unbanked as source information for the development of innovative solutions.     

金融生态环境视角的非正规金融生态状况研究

运用金融生态理论,从金融生态环境角度分析非正规金融存在的经济基础、非正式制度的作用、法制环境以及金融生态的自我调节机制.可以认为中小企业和个私经济是非正规金融存在的经济基础;善于利用社会传统和习俗等非正式制度进行有效的风险控制是相对正规金融的优势;非正规金融没有合法地位,经营方式隐蔽,处于监管之外,导致金融风险隐患的形成;非正规金融市场化的利率机制会产生某些负效应.针对非正规金融生态上述现状,提出相应政策建议.