论我国税收制度中的非正式安排

非正式税收制度安排对政府和纳税人行为的选择、税收秩序的形成、税收关系的调整乃至整个税收制度的运行都产生着重要的影响.然而过去我们却把税收观念和税收惯例这样一些非正式税收制度安排排斥在税收制度范畴之外,这实际上是忽略了非正式制度安排在我国税收制度中的重要作用.从某种意义上说,税收制度的变革首先应该是作为税收非正式制度安排的改变.树立全新的税收观念和充分尊重税收惯例的约束作用是我国今后税收制度建设必须予以高度重视的两个基本问题.     

中国农村非正规金融:绩效、缺陷与治理

随着我国正规金融从农村纷纷撤走，非正规金融在农村地区迅速壮大，并为农村社会与经济发展提供了有力的金融支持。然而，由于非正规金融掌握信息的有限性和得不到法律认可与政府保护，从而它也存在许多缺陷，并对经济的平稳运行产生一些破坏作用。对待农村非正规金融，绝不能简单地否定或取缔它，而应持辩证的观点，扬长避短，因势利导，使其成为正规金融的有力补充。     

中国农村正规与非正规市场的融资差异

本文基于2009年农村微观调查数据,分析农户资金需求及其借款状况,考察其在正规与非正规市场的融资差异。农户资金需求和信贷约束相当普遍。在农村信贷市场,非正规借款占绝对优势,且绝对多数是无息借贷。农村正规与非正规金融市场相互独立运行;前者对后者几乎没有产生“共栖”性有益影响和“竞争”性抑制影响。与非正规融资和市场需求密切相关不同,农信社贷款脱离需求,行政化配置明显。解决农户信贷约束并非仅放开利率那样简单,在拓展农村正规金融的同时,更应引导非正规市场发展创新,鼓励支持农户发展资金互助组织,通过有效措施形成正规市场的促进作用,并强化农信社的市场取向功能。     

RISK‐COPING,LAND TENURE AND LAND MARKETS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Over the last decades, a significant amount of literature has been published on informal risk‐coping in developing countries. In this paper, we review how informal risk‐coping has been addressed in the land tenure literature from two main perspectives: a first stream of research looks at how customary tenure and communal property perform key informal risk‐coping functions. A second subset of this literature analyses how informal risk‐coping creates land market imperfections through sharecropping or distress sales. The segmentation of the literature results from the Demsetzian property rights framework. Further research on risk‐coping and land tenure would benefit from examining recent work on property regimes.     

Informal institutions and international entrepreneurship

This study examines the influence of three informal institutions, performance orientation, self-expression and social desirability, on the extent of internationalization by early stage entrepreneurial firms. We employed multi-level modeling techniques using 20,656 individual-level responses obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey for 39 countries from 2001 to 2008, and supplementing with country-level data obtained from the World Values Survey (WVS) and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) study. The results demonstrate that high performance orientation, high self-expression, and low social desirability of entrepreneurship in societies increase the extent of internationalization by early-stage entrepreneurial firms. The study promotes new theory and empirical findings on the relationship between informal institutions and entrepreneurial agency.     

Unpacking Institutional Distance: Addressing Human Capital Development and Emerging‐Market Firms’ Ownership Strategy in an Advanced Economy

As latecomers to global business competition, emerging‐market multinational companies (EMNCs) utilize cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) to quickly acquire strategic assets, resulting in an improved competitive position. Advanced markets with well‐established firms and well‐developed market‐supporting institutions become particularly important destinations for EMNCs’ foreign operations. Institutional distance, which represents conflicting legitimacy requirements between the host and home institutional environments, is expected to be negatively associated with the foreign acquirer's ownership position. The current study examines a sample of EMNCs’ cross‐border M&As in the United States between 2005 and 2011 and reveals the unique nature of EMNCs’ ownership strategies. Taking both formal and informal institutions into consideration, our findings suggest that EMNCs originating in countries with lower levels of human capital development may have more urgency in seeking ownership control in advanced markets and are less influenced by the negative association of institutional distance in their ownership strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Quantifying Sources of Risk in Global Food Operations and Supply Chain

The food industry plays a significant role in food supply. However, it is increasingly facing a significant number of risks to tackle. This article provides insight into sources and quantification of risk, which can restrict food operations and supply chain performance. Certainly, risks imposed by today's constantly changing global environment makes it imperative for food and agribusiness firms to develop purposeful proactive and predictive risk management for their global supply chains. We proposed the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to analyze sources of risks attached to the focal firm's global food operations and supply chain. The identified risks were from a review of relevant literature, expert opinions from the focal firm supply chain C‐level executive, and consultants in the food industry. We grouped the identified risks into seven categories and discussed the risk mitigation strategies. We validated the proposed model using a case study involving a focal food and agribusiness firm with global presence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

农地流转中的非正式制度探讨

以往从制度方面研究农地流转的史料文献,大多忽视了对非正式制度因素的分析。本文主要就我国农村社会经济生活中一些与农地流转密切相关的非正式制度如意识形态中的公有制观念、家庭观念和家族意识、平均主义、集权主义、农本意识及其对农地流转的影响进行了探讨,最后指出：应该在尊重文化传统的基础上,对这些非正式制度消化创新,找到它们与农地制度的契合点,使二者有机相融,协调进行,这样才能从根本上推动农地流转。     

Pitfalls to avoid when measuring institutions: Is Doing Business damaging business?

Over recent years, both governments and international aid organizations have been devoting large amounts of resources to “simplifying” the procedures for setting up and formalizing firms. Many of these actions have focused on reducing the initial costs of setting up the firm, disregarding the more important role of business registers as a source of reliable information for judges, government departments and, above all, other firms. This reliable information is essential for reducing transaction costs in future dealings with all sorts of economic agents, both public and private. The priorities of reform policies should therefore be thoroughly reviewed, stressing the value of the legal institutions rather than trivializing them as is often the case. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 729–747.     

Estimating the informal cross-border trade of agricultural and horticultural commodities between cameroon and its CEMAC neighbours

Cameroon is the first trading partner of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) countries. Despite belonging to the same sub-regional organization, the formal trade ties between Cameroon and its neighbours have been hampered by a combination of factors that have spurred the growth of informal (unrecorded) trade. Interest in cross-border trade of agricultural and horticultural commodities between Cameroon and its neighbours has been overwhelming, but knowledge of its magnitude, determinants, and consequences remains inadequate, leading not only to undervaluation of figures in the national accounts, but also inhibiting formulation of appropriate policies and strategies to exploit its potential impact, particularly on food security. Using a monitoring method of cross-border flows of informal trade, the study aims to estimate the volume/value of unrecorded cross-border trade between Cameroon and its CEMAC’s neighbours and compare it with the recorded (official figures) trade. The results indicate that in 2008 a volume of just over 155 000 tons of agricultural and horticultural commodities has been shipped from Cameroon to its neighbours in the CEMAC for an estimated value of almost 38 billion CFA francs and representing 0.4% of GDP in Cameroon. The comparison in relative terms shows that informal or unrecorded trade represents 96% of the official and mainly includes agricultural and horticultural commodities.