How does new business formation affect regional development? Introduction to the special issue

This paper gives an overview of the empirical research on the effects of new business formation on regional development and introduces the contributions to this special issue. The effects of new businesses on regional development emerge over a longer time-period of up to ten years. A main focus of the contributions to this special issue is on the distribution of these effects over time and on the magnitude of the overall effect. While the basic pattern found for the different countries and regions is quite similar, the magnitude of the overall effect can be different and may even be negative. There are strong indications, that the type of entrants plays an important role in this respect.

国际贸易与国际直接投资的三种关系——芒德尔贸易与投资替代模型引发的思考

文章通过对著名经济学家罗伯特·芒德尔的贸易与投资替代模型的分析与评价,根据全球经济一体化背景下国际贸易与国际直接投资之间出现的新变化,揭示了两者之间的三种关系:替代关系、互补互促关系和相互融合关系。     

基于能源消耗的我国国际贸易实证研究

本文通过应用设计的投入产出模型考察了1997年我国国际贸易36个部门商品的能耗密集度,计算和比较了各类商品的进出口能源消耗量,从能源消耗角度考察了我国的进出口贸易。结果表明,1997年我国出口总的能耗量为37068.53万吨标准煤,进口能耗量为39036.25万吨标准煤,比出口多1967.72万吨标准煤。贸易商品中流入和流出的能耗分别占全国同期总能耗的28.25%和26.83%。从能源消耗角度看,1997年我国是一个净进口国,且进口单位产值的商品中包含的能耗量比出口单位产值商品中包含的能耗量多27%左右。这些研究结果对于我国的可持续发展和环境与贸易问题的改善有重要的参考意义。     

耗散结构下国际贸易信用的非线性流动

经济社会是一个复杂的、主动的、进化的、不可逆和非决定的质的世界,是远离平衡态的开放系统,其中有一个子系统,即国际贸易信用系统。国际贸易信用系统在经济社会系统中是特殊的价值运动,它的价值运动形式是多基元、多组分、多层次的,因此它又是非线性流动的,国际贸易信用非线性流动不停地与经济社会系统通过实物和货币交换着物质和能量。所以说国际贸易信用非线性流动也是一个开放系统,把国际贸易信用系统置于耗散结构状态下进行研究,将对我国国际贸易的双赢起到积极的促进作用。     

跨国战略联盟:对现代企业竞争关系一种新的诠释

跨国战略联盟是跨国经营企业为了实现战略目标所建立的合作关系,是企业可以扩大经营范围而不扩大企业规模的一种经营方法,作为介于市场和企业组织间的“混成组织”,跨国战略联盟体现了一种新型的“柔性”竞争,是在竞争的基础上加入了合作的内涵,是一种合作性的竞争或竞争性的合作,它对现代企业的竞争关系进行了新的诠释。     

论国际贸易中的超绝对利益

在国际贸易中,不仅存在绝对利益和比较利益,而且存在超绝对利益。超绝对利益是一国与另一国进行对方没有的商品贸易时所具有的利益,主要产生于社会资源的特点,特别产生于技术和技能的积累。超绝对利益商品的国际价格与绝对利益或比较利益商品的国际价格不同,它的基础是垄断价格。超绝对利益的存在,意味着许多国际贸易理论需要重新表述。     

Response rates in international mail surveys: Results of a 22-country study

Researchers embarking on their first international mail survey find very little guidance in the present academic literature. In 1988, two articles were published in the fall issue of the Journal of International Business Studies that claimed that: “at the moment the crossnational researcher has very little evidence upon which to base his judgments about [mail] survey design” [Jobber and Saunders (1988) An experimental investigation into cross-national mail survey response rates, Journal of International Business Studies19, 488] and “Literature concerned with response rates from industrial samples drawn from multiple countries is nearly absent” [Dawson and Dickinson (1988) Conducting international mail surveys: the effect of incentives on response rates within an industrial population, Journal of International Business Studies19, 492]. Unfortunately, not much has changed since. Still, very little is known about how respondents from different countries react to mail surveys. This article intends to fill part of this gap by describing the results of a large scale international mail survey in 22 countries. Response rates are shown to vary considerably across countries in a way that contradicts much of the earlier (American) research on this subject. Several explanations for these differences in response rates are put forward.     

我国对外贸易就业效应的实证研究——以外资企业为例

对外贸易就业效应的实证分析表明,对外贸易对我国就业增长产生了积极影响,分阶段回归分析结果显示,全国对外贸易的就业效应趋于下降,而外资企业的就业效应趋于上升,其中外资企业的加工贸易出口发挥了主要作用。文章最后就进一步扩大对外贸易促进就业提出了几点政策建议。     

Solvency runs, sunspot runs, and international bailouts

This paper introduces a model of intervention by an international financial institution (IFI) under asymmetric information. The IFI is unable to distinguish between runs due to fundamentals and those which are the result of pure sunspots. However, it maximizes global welfare by offering a relending package consistent with generating a separating equilibrium, where voluntary creditor participation implies that underlying fundamentals are good. The need for direct IFI lending in the package is shown to depend on the commitment capacity of creditors. This adverse selection problem provides an alternative rationale for Bagehot's Principle of last-resort lending at high rates of interest to the moral hazard motivation commonly found in the literature.     

Convergence and divergence in consumer behavior: implications for international retailing

Converging technology and disappearing income differences across countries will not lead to homogenization of consumer behavior. Rather, consumer behavior will become more heterogeneous because of cultural differences. As consumer incomes converge across countries, the manifestation of value differences will become stronger. This phenomenon makes it increasingly important to understand values of national cultures and their impact on consumer behavior. Retailing strategies for one country cannot be extended to other countries without adaptation. Hofstede’s model of national culture is applied to understand differences in consumer behavior across countries. Examples are provided of consumption differences, their relationships with culture discussed, and selected implications for international retailing management detailed.