试析园林景观的创意设计

对园林景观的创意设计,从景观的概念、类型、设计要求等方面进行了论述,提出了在园林景观创意设计中要满足安全性、艺术性、文化性、实用性、生态性、教育性、创新性、节约经济性等要求。     

Low interest rate policy and the use of reserve requirements in emerging markets

This paper sheds light on the link between the interest rate policy in large advanced economies with international funding and reserve currencies (the United States and the euro area) and the use of reserve requirements in emerging markets. Using reserve requirement data for 28 emerging markets from 1998 to 2012, we provide evidence that emerging market central banks tend to raise reserve requirements when interest rates in international funding markets decline or financial inflows accelerate, most likely to preserve financial stability. In contrast, when global liquidity risk rises and funding from the large advanced economies dries up, emerging markets lower reserve requirements.     

变电站自动化装置与调度主站联调的技术要求

变电站投用前两端的联调对于调度自动化主站系统的稳定运行非常重要。文章基于联调的目的与要求,分别从遥测功能联调、中央信号的联调、遥控功能联调、遥信功能联调四方面探讨相应的技术要求。     

The Impact of the EU–US Open Skies Agreement and the Resulting British Airway's Open Skies Initiative: Passenger Numbers in London,Amsterdam and Paris

Abstract

The advent of the EU–US Open Skies Agreement has been widely anticipated. A number of consequences have been predicted, for example, impacts on fares, passenger volumes, choice and consumer welfare. Airline costs are also predicted to fall as a result of increased competitiveness and increased cooperation among airlines. For the short period since the implementation of the Agreement, it is relatively easy to assess the supply-side changes that have been made, but more difficult to make wider judgements. This paper indicates the data that will be required to make these judgements and notes some methodological difficulties. Early estimates of the impact on passenger numbers are given using time series analysis focusing on London airports, in particular London Heathrow and airports served by British Airway's Open Skies Airline from Paris Orly and Amsterdam Schipol.

Impact de l'accord Ciel Ouvert entre l'UE et les États-Unis et de l'initiative Open Skies résultante de British Airways: nombre de passagers à Londres, Amsterdam et Paris

Résumé L'avènement de l'accord Ciel ouvert entre l'UE et les États-Unis avait été très largement prévu, et on a prédit un certain nombre de conséquences, notamment l'impact sur le prix des billets, sur les volumes de passagers, sur le choix pour les consommateurs et sur leur bien-être, entre autres. On prévoit également que les coûts des compagnies d'aviation devraient baisser, en conséquence de l'augmentation non seulement de la compétitivité, mais aussi de la concurrence entre les compagnies. A l'issue de la courte période qui s'est écoulée depuis l'implémentation de l'Accord, il est relativement aisé d’évaluer les variations qui se sont produites du côté de l'offre, mais beaucoup plus difficile de formuler des opinions plus générales. La présente communication indique les données qui seront requises pour formuler ces jugements, et souligne certaines difficultés sur le plan de la méthodologie. Des premières évaluations de l'impact sur le nombre de voyageurs ont été avancées, sur la base d'analyses à série temporelle concentrées sur les aéroports de Londres, notamment l'aéroport Heathrow de Londres et les aéroports desservis par la compagnie Open Skies de British Airway entre Paris Orly et l'aéroport Schipol d'Amsterdam.

El efecto del Acuerdo de Cielos abiertos entre la UE y EE.UU. y el resultado de la Iniciativa de Cielos abiertos de British Airways: número de pasajeros en Londres, Ámsterdam y París

Resumen El advenimiento del Acuerdo de Cielos abiertos entre la EU y EE.UU. era algo ampliamente esperado. Se han pronosticado muchas consecuencias, por ejemplo, los efectos sobre las tarifas, los volúmenes de pasajeros, las opciones y el bienestar de los consumidores. También se ha pronosticado la caída de los costes de las aerolíneas debido a una mayor competitividad y el incremento de la cooperación entre las aerolíneas. En el corto periodo de implantación del Acuerdo, es relativamente fácil evaluar los cambios que se han dado en el lado de la oferta, sin embargo, es más difícil realizar estimaciones mayores. Este trabajo indica que se necesitan datos para realizar estas estimaciones y hace referencia a algunas dificultades metodológicas. Los primeros estimativos del efecto sobre los números de pasajeros se han obtenido mediante análisis de series de tiempo centrados en los aeropuertos de Londres, en particular, el de Heathrow, y en los aeropuertos atendidos por la Aerolínea de Cielos abiertos de British Airways de Orly, en París, y Schipol, en Ámsterdam.

     

深圳地铁NOCC系统方案及信息需求分析

深圳地铁网络发展迅速,且有多个运营商参与运营,急需建设网络运营控制中心系统(NOCC),以实现全市轨道交通统一调度、统一管理.针对深圳市各轨道交通线路的庞大信息源,分析合理的NOCC职能范围,以及NOCC基本信息需求,确定了系统架构、容量、功能、网络负荷及设备配置,提出了经济适用、合理、可实施的NOCC系统方案.     

The Interaction between Capital Requirements and Monetary Policy

The interaction between capital requirements and monetary policy is assessed by means of simple rules in a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring a banking sector. In “normal” times, when economic dynamics are driven by supply shocks, an active use of capital requirements generates modest benefits in terms of volatility of the target variables compared to the case in which only the central bank carries out stabilization policies. The lack of cooperation between the two policymakers may result in excessive volatility of the monetary policy rate and capital requirements. The benefits of introducing capital requirements become sizeable when financial shocks, which affect the supply of loans, are important drivers of economic dynamics; the availability of capital requirements as a policy tool yields a significant gain in terms of macroeconomic stabilization, regardless of the type of interaction between monetary and capital requirements policies.     

The Role of Groupware in Requirements Specification

This article describes how 2 forms of groupware - electronic Mail and Group Support Systems (GSS) were employed to support user requirements specification in a university department. The system being specified was a bibliographic information system, while the users were both qualified systems analysts and academic staff in the department. The background literatures to both requirements specification and GSS are introduced and linked. Groupware tools were used to support the group interaction and consensus formation. The article discusses the key stages in this process and discusses the appropriateness of the techniques used. The results are significant in that they identify techniques appropriate to supporting user groups in the clarification of system requirements before the involvement of development personnel.     

中国国有上市公司上市前后经营绩效的实证分析

本文以1998-2000年期间在上海、深圳证券交易所上市的329间国有企业为样本通过比较上市前三年到上市后三年盈利、产出、财务杠杆和员工工作效率四个方面的指标来评价国有上市公司的经营绩效.研究结果表明:(1)上市后盈利、产出和员工工作效率都得到提高,但是财务杠杆水平下降.(2)上市地点、行业管制、国有股比例和境外股有无都对经营绩效没有显著影响.本文较全面的评价了国有上市企业的业绩变化和国有股比例的影响因子,因而对于中国国有企业改革的下一步发展具有重要的参考价值.     

探月工程地面应用系统软件项目需求管理研究

需求管理在现代软件项目中起着重要作用,需求管理的混乱将直接导致项目预算超支或项目进度落后。从某种意义上讲,需求管理的有效性决定了软件项目的成功与否。基于探月工程地面应用系统软件项目开发中的需求开发和管理活动,阐述与总结了现代软件项目需求开发的方法与过程,以及需求管理的流程与控制。     

Barriers and requirements to climate change adaptation of mountainous rural communities in developing countries: The case of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China

Systematically identifying the barriers and requirements to adaptation is critical to the successful implementation of climate adaptation planning and policies at the local level, especially in the mountainous rural communities of developing countries with limited resources and technology. We conducted an empirical study of the barriers and requirements to adapting to climate change of 539 peasant households in an ecologically vulnerable area of China to enhance their resilience to climate change by improving our understanding of adaptation process and decision-making. Our findings indicated that farmers in the Gannan Plateau face multiple adaptation barriers, of which normative, information and technology barriers were more serious, such as lack of meteorological information service, infrastructure and technology extension in agriculture or animal husbandry. Adaptation requirements are an important way to effectively reduce or eliminate obstacles and improve farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change. The survey found that local households have an urgent requirement for infrastructure, information and production technologies, such as water, electricity, transportation facilities, disaster warning information, employment information and farming or breeding techniques. In addition, due to the influence of economic level, education level, years of farming, gender and other factors, differences exist in the adaptation barriers and requirements faced by farmers in different regions. These findings extend empirical evidence in favor of formulating a reasonable adaptation framework and choosing optimal adaptation strategies, which are essential for enacting well-targeted regional adaptation policies.