Estimation accuracy of high–low spread estimator

In this paper we analyze the estimation accuracy of high–low spread estimator. It is found that the performance of high–low spread estimator depends on the size of the true spread, the level of transaction frequency, and the degree of volatility. Analyzing the probability of measurement error, it is shown that the high–low spread estimators have better performance when the size of the spread is even wider, when the level of transaction frequency is even higher, or when the degree of volatility is relatively lower.     

试论一般生产力到服务生产力的演进与测量

从一般生产力到服务生产力概念的演进是适应现实需要的产物，有其客观必然性；对生产力及服务生产力概念有一个较为清晰的界定，是服务生产力研究的前提；服务生产力的概念及其测量应综合考虑效率、效益、企业投入的资源以及顾客投入的资源等要素，其虽然从内涵等方面有别于传统生产力的概念，但也并未脱离基本的投入产出模式。     

智力资本会计理论基础反思

以计量和报告为主要内容的会计对智力资本的发展做出了巨大的贡献;与此同时,智力资本对于会计的发展也展现了其独特的魅力。然而,智力资本会计主要是来源于实践,使得相应的计量问题面临着巨大的挑战,所以智力资本的出现不可避免地引起了理论界的激烈争论。由于会计界按照现有的会计理论来处理智力资本会计,其效果并不理想,需要新的理论准则来处理智力资本会计,并对财务报告的未来发展进行新的尝试。本文认为,会计界应该反思现有的会计理论,改变会计计量观念和财务报告模式。     

On Measuring the Quality of Survey Estimates

The quality of survey estimates is directly affected by survey errors that include sampling errors due to selecting a sample rather than the whole population, and non-sampling errors arising from data collection and processing procedures. The latter include frame error, measurement error and non-response. This paper addresses design issues related to total survey error and its components. Methods for handling frame problems and non-response are also presented.     

An alternative method to estimate parameters in modelling the behaviour of commodity prices

Measuring the risk of investment projects involving commodities and modelling its price dynamics behaviour is usually implemented with Kalman filtering techniques. However, because the use of these techniques has high implementation requirements, recent literature has employed approximate models. This paper proposes a new and simpler spreadsheet implementation procedure which presents lower implementation requirements than the widely used Kalman filtering estimation procedure. The proposal needs to estimate fewer parameters than usual and does not directly estimate sequences but considers the relationship between the states implicitly when defining the regression matrices. This translates into a significant reduction in processing time. We apply the proposal to estimate the parameters of a 4-factor model for four commercial commodities: crude oil, heating oil, unleaded gasoline and natural gas; we then compare the accuracy with results using the Kalman filter method. Results indicate that error measurements are approximately equal for the actual model and the approximation proposed in this paper, for both the in- and out-of-sample data-sets.     

会计准则对会计确认与计量的影响分析

新颁布的《企业会计准则-基本准则》严格界定了资产、负债、所有者权益等会计要素定义，明确规定了有关会计要素的确认条件。在会计计量方面，既坚持历史成本原则，又引入了公允价值，这些规定在实质上实现了与国际规则的趋同。本文对此进行了探讨。     

收入模型在我国商业银行操作风险度量中的应用

随着近年来市场风险量化方法的逐渐成熟及信用风险量化方法的不断发展，国际银行业开始尝试对操作风险进行量化，并取得了一定的进展。文章首先简单介绍操作风险的度量方法，接着分析操作风险度量方法在我国商业银行的选择运用，最后采用收入模型对我国国内两家商业银行进行操作风险度量的实证分析。     

会计:一个从微观上计量投入与产出确定经济效益的工具

会计是一个通过从微观上计量投入与产出、进而确定微观主体经济效益的工具,确定微观主体的经济效益是会计本质的规定性,也是会计的最终目的。会计是以分类计价的方法通过对微观主体的投入与产出进行计量,间接确定经济效益的。会计核算方法其实就是一个微观主体确定经济效益的特定方法体系。从会计的本质来看,会计是永不会消亡的;会计的边界是对投入与产出进行管理以微观主体的提高经济效益。     

投资性房地产公允价值计量模式分析

近年来投资性房地产已成为备受企业青睐的投资方式之一。国家对土地增值税的清算也促使房地产企业向综合型地产商转型,企业愈加重视对投资性房地产的核算。新会计准则中对投资性房地产的核算引入了新的计量模式——公允价值。本文试通过分析采用公允价值核算投资性房地产的动因,指出存在的主要问题及规避途径,以期为公允价值在投资性房地产企业应用提供参考。     

Theoretical conditions under which monetary policies are effective and practical obstacles to their verification

Summary. We derive (i) necessary and sufficient and (ii) sufficient conditions for monetary policies to conform to what the literature characterizes as good policies. We show that the biasing effects of omitted variables, measurement errors, and misspecifications of true functional forms on the coefficients of monetary-policy reaction functions present practical obstacles to verifying such conditions.Received: 30 September 2003, Revised: 6 February 2004, JEL Classification Numbers: E52, E58. Correspondence to: George S. TavlasWe thank Charalambos Aliprantis, Peter von zur Muehlen and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. The views expressed in this paper are the authors own and do not represent those of their respective institutions.