An alternative definition of individual bioequivalence

Several definitions of individual bioequivalence of two formulations of a medical treatment (drug) have been proposed recently. These definitions attempt to adapt the criterion of average bioequivalence, which would be deficient if substantive treatment heterogeneity were present. In some of the proposed definitions, relatively large differences of means can be compensated by differences in the measurement-error variances. We propose a definition based on a simple latent-variable model which overcomes this anomaly and need not involve the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's 80/125 rule. Our approach is based on a moment-matching estimator of the discrepancy between the outcomes underlying the subjects' responses. The distribution of this estimator is a linear combination of independent χ² variates; asymptotically, it can be approximated by a normal distribution. Evidence of individual bioequivalence corresponds to rejecting the hypothesis that the discrepancy is greater than a specified threshold. The approach is illustrated by reanalysing two bioequivalence trials.     

非抽样误差函数的构建——基于抽样框缺陷基础上的讨论

使用不准确的抽样框是抽样调查中产生非抽样误差的一个主要原因。本文运用概率统计方法分析三类有缺陷的抽样框对抽样方差的影响，构建三类抽样框缺陷下的非抽样误差函数，为进一步定量分析抽样框缺陷与非抽样误差的关系提供依据。     

A Framework for Reconsidering the Lake Wobegon Effect

The Lake Wobegon Effect (LWE) describes the potential measurement-error bias introduced into survey-based analyses of education issues. Although this effect potentially applies to any student-report variable, the systematic overreporting of academic achievements such as grade point average is often of preeminent concern. This concern can be easily circumvented if official records data are available; however, many researchers can only access student-reported data. In this article, the authors examine whether using student-survey data in place of official records data meaningfully biases regression estimates. They motivate their contribution by noting a useful statistical feature of overreporting on bounded variables such as grade point average. Specifically, the misreports will be negatively correlated with the true grade point average, yielding a form of nonclassical measurement error that actually counteracts the bias. The authors connect this observation to reliability ratios used in labor economics, which are simple ways to adjust for attenuation bias, when needed. In two applications, we find that it is unnecessary to correct for the LWE bias because it is so small.     

改进测量手段、建立健全计量诚信体系

量值准确可靠是计量诚信建设的基础，是社会诚信体系建设的重要组成部分。本文就提高测量精确度的措施方法进行探讨，就如何建立健全计量诚信体系提出建议。本文对维护良好的市场经济秩序，创造良好的服务环境，促进全社会的和谐消费具有重要指导意义。     

North–South terms‐of‐trade trends from 1960 to 2006

The composition of exports of developing countries is increasingly dominated by manufactured goods. This has not changed the fact that their major trading partners continue to be the developed countries. In order to properly assess the distribution of gains from trade, there is a pressing need to analyze the movements in the terms of trade of developing countries with respect to the developed ones. A statistical analysis of the North–South terms of trade reveals that the terms of trade have turned against the South since the 1960s. However, the terms‐of‐trade deterioration is neither continuous nor evenly distributed over different country groupings. The existence of a structural break in the mid‐to‐late 1970s together with the greatest adverse terms‐of‐trade movements against the highly indebted and least developed countries attest the discontinuity and unevenness of this process.     

应变电测法及其在容器测试中的应用

本文基于电测法温度补偿测量的原理,利用电测应变测试设备,以某容器为测量对象,进行测点布置,并加载测试,对测试结果进行分析,应用表明,应变电测法测试结果对该容器结构设计具有重要的指导意义。     

煤质化验中的误差的控制

煤质化验是一项技术性强、环节较多的工作,在采样、制备、化验的过程中,因煤的不均匀性,造成各个工作环节产生偏差。要对煤质常规化验操作化验员存在的突出问题进行分析,以保证煤质化验的测值准确,获得理想可靠的结果。本文主要阐述了煤质化验中采样、制样、干燥、分析等环节的误差控制。     

Revenue Forecasting Practices: Differences across Countries and Consequences for Forecasting Performance*

This paper reviews the practice and performance of revenue forecasting in selected OECD countries. It turns out that the cross‐country differences in the performance of revenue forecasting are first of all associated with uncertainty about the macroeconomic fundamentals. To some extent, they are also driven by country characteristics such as the importance of corporate and (personal) income taxes. Also, differences in the timing of the forecasts prove important. However, controlling for these differences, we find that the independence of revenue forecasting from possible government manipulation exerts a robust, significantly positive effect on the accuracy of revenue forecasts.     

Bilateral Trade Balances: Evidence from Malaysia*

This study examines the impacts of real exchange rates on the bilateral trade balances of Malaysia with the USA, Japan and Singapore. The results for the long‐run cointegrating vectors show that depreciation or devaluation of real exchange rates will improve bilateral trade balances. In the short run, there is some evidence of the J‐curve phenomenon. Changes in real money supply contribute greatly to changes in real exchange rates. Generally, changes in real exchange rates contribute significantly to changes in bilateral trade balances. Monetary policy can be used to influence bilateral trade balances.     

Fueling agricultural growth in India: Some reflections

Indian agriculture is experiencing under-performance despite increased attention given to it in the recent past. This paper analyzes the disparities in agricultural growth across Indian states and explores the determinants of agricultural growth, using Panel Corrected Standard Error approach. Analysis using beta convergence shows that the disparities across the state's agricultural growth are narrowing down for the period 1980–1981 to 2011–2012. However, to stimulate growth in the states where agriculture is lagging behind, a higher emphasis on increasing the area under irrigation, expenditure on agricultural research, area under fruits and vegetables, number of regulated markets, length of roads, cold storage facilities and institutional credit for investment purposes is needed. Private sector should be involved in public–private-partnership mode for improving the infrastructure in this sector.