Gender, self-employment and microcredit programs An Indonesian case study

Credit is often the missing link for low-income families that try to make a living by operating small microenterprises. At the same time, the presumption that lending to the poor is very risky, the costs of operation are high, and the low repayment rates for such loans limit bankers’ willingness to extend credit to the poor. This article, however reports on the results of a microcredit program in Indonesia which suggests that when agencies, government and non-government, in a developing country make credit available to low income women, they can reduce the costs of delivery, greatly increase repayment rates, and substantially improve the well-being of poor families. Other studies also suggest that such credit tends to increase women’s participation in decision making, reduces fertility, substantially improves household nutrition and raises aspirations for children’s education. Our case study cofirms these results.     

中国农村小额信贷发展的制约因素及对策探析

开展小额信贷业务是突破农业发展中资金瓶颈的途径之一。本文基于十七届三中全会关于建设社会主义新农村的指导方针政策,定位于农村小额信贷,在阐述国内外小额信贷理论的基础上,分析了中国农村小额信贷现状及其发展的重要性,并从供求角度解析了农村小额信贷在实践发展中的制约因素,最后有针对性地提出可行性建议。     

小额贷款公司财务效率和社会效率及其影响因素-基于DEA Tobit两阶段法的实证分析

基于2013-2015年山东省259家小额贷款公司的面板数据,运用DEA-Tobit两阶段法分析小额贷款公司财务效率和社会效率及其影响因素.实证结果表明:小额贷款公司社会效率的均值低于财务效率的均值,同时小额贷款公司在财务效率方面差异较小,并且总体水平较高,而社会效率的分布相对比较分散,并且总体水平较低.盈利能力、融资结构和地区经济发展水平对小额贷款公司的财务效率存在显著的正向影响;涉农贷款比例对财务效率和社会效率均产生显著的正向影响.国有集体资本参股和设立在县域有利于社会效率的提高;经营时间和小额贷款公司社会效率存在负相关关系,但对财务效率的影响并不显著.     

How has microcredit supported agriculture? Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh

Improving agricultural productivity has received a greater attention in recent years amid concerns about rising food insecurity, population pressures, and climate change. Many believe that better access to institutional credit, spanning microcredit as well as commercial and agricultural banks, can help rural households smooth risks, and access inputs and other technology to modernize agriculture and improve farm/nonfarm linkages. We use recently augmented household panel data spanning over 20 years in Bangladesh to examine the effects of rural credit expansion (both microcredit and formal bank channels) on outcomes for agricultural households. We find that microcredit has benefited households with lower landownings, raising agricultural income from activities such as livestock rearing that require less land, as well as nonfarm income diversification for all households, but with the strongest effect for landless or near‐landless households. We do not find effects of microcredit on crop income, but do, however, find that reported supply‐side credit constraints significantly lower crop income. Borrowing by both men and women has contributed to nonfarm income growth for marginal farmers, but only men's borrowing has contributed to nonfarm income growth among higher landowning groups.     

Assortative matching, adverse selection, and group lending

This note reconsiders a theoretical result asserted to explain the success of group lending programs in LDCs. It has been claimed that if groups are allowed to form themselves, risky and safe borrowers will sort themselves into relatively homogenous groups. This “positive assortative matching” can be exploited by lenders to solve an adverse selection problem that would otherwise undermine the effectiveness of such lending programs. I show that the positive assortative matching result does not necessarily hold if earlier models are extended to incorporate dynamic incentives.     

推动我国小额贷款公司可持续发展的政策取向

自2005年中国人民银行开展＂只贷不存＂商业性小额贷款公司试点,尤其是2006年银监会出台农村金融新政允许村镇银行等新型农村金融机构准入以来,小额贷款公司试点迅速推广到全国。在数量迅速增加的同时,对缓解＂三农＂和中小企业融资难题发挥了积极作用。然而,由于在制度设计、法律监管等方面的缺陷,小额贷款公司往往陷入＂无钱可贷＂或＂难以盈利＂等困境,面临严峻的可持续发展难题。在分析小额贷款公司发展的现状的基础上,剖析了其可持续发展面临的问题,并针对性地提出了政策建议。     

创新国有商业银行信贷管理

国有商业银行近年来更加突出的信贷集中隐藏着危险,实证研究表明,国有商业银行大额信贷风险高,长期效益低,并且容易导致银行内外勾结诈骗贷款。小额信贷不仅为银行带来丰厚的利润,而且促进中小企业发展和社会和谐。国有商业银行的信贷管理,应变大额集中投放为小额分散投放,变集体审批无人负责为个人审批个人负责,并且设置适当的个人审批贷款的最大累计余额和个人借款的最大累计余额。     

公益小额信贷帮助妇女脱贫解困——赤峰昭乌达妇女可持续发展协会小额信贷扶贫与妇女发展项目

公益小额信贷是解决经济不发达地区社会问题的途径之一,但是资金来源、还款率以及项目的可持续性一直是发展公益小额信贷的难题。赤峰市昭乌达妇女可持续发展协会经过十余年的实践摸索,已经成功的形成了一套行之有效的工作制度,既保证了自身的可持续发展,又有效的提高了当地贫困妇女的经济收入和社会地位。协会科学的组织架构、有效的机制创新及完备的工作制度都值得予以吸收和借鉴,以应对我国公益小额信贷机构目前所面临的困境。     

Violence against women and new venture initiation with microcredit: Self-efficacy,fear of failure,and disaster experiences

Domestic violence is the most prevalent form of gender-based violence that threatens the wellbeing and dignity of women. In this paper, we examine whether and how exposure to physical or sexual assault by male partners influences women's decision to initiate a new business when they have access to financing. We collected primary data from rural Bangladesh in collaboration with a microfinance institution that provided small collateral-free loans to a group of married women. We conducted a baseline survey before loan disbursement and then conducted a follow-up survey 12 to 15 months later to collect information on loan usage. We find that women who experienced physical or sexual violence by their husband before receiving a loan are less likely to initiate a new business with their loan than those who did not experience such violence. Exposure to domestic violence obstructs the initiation of new businesses through reduced entrepreneurial self-efficacy and increased fear of business failure. The adverse impact of domestic violence is more detrimental for women who recently experienced another potentially traumatic event—an environmental disaster—than for those without such an experience.     

关于我国农村小额信贷发展的探讨

本文从回顾中国农村小额信贷的发展历程出发,通过分析其发展中取得的成果和面临的主要问题,提出了推进我国农村小额信贷可持续发展的相关建议。