Hungary's meat price and trade policies : Conforming to some economic constraints of a socialist country

This paper analyses Hungary's price and trade policies for meat and livestock. Three policy constraints are discussed — the need to control consumer discontent, to provide employment, and to maintain close ties with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union. Of particular interest are Hungary's exports of meat rather than grain, and the impact of policies on large and small producers and on Hungary's dependence on the Soviet market.     

东亚货币合作的层次、障碍和中国的对策

随着世界经济全球化和区域经济一体化,东亚各国货币合作的愿望日益高涨,东亚区域货币合作体系初见端倪。、但由于东亚地区历史、政治、经济、文化的特殊性,东亚货币合作的道路上依然障碍重重．需要分层次、分步骤地稳妥推进。大势所趋之下中国应积极应对,大力推动东亚货币合作的进程。     

The performance effects of human resource managers' and other middle managers' involvement in strategy making under different business-level strategies: the case in Hong Kong

We first developed theory arguing that HR managers' and other middle managers' involvement during strategy making would have different effects on performance for firms pursuing different business-level strategies. Then, our empirical study tested the hypotheses in the context of HR managers and middle managers in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. We found that HR manager involvement during strategy making was positively related to perceptions of future business performance. The use of a differentiation strategy was also positively associated with future performance. Neither the use of a cost leadership strategy, however, nor involvement by other middle-level managers, was directly related to perceived future performance. Interestingly, pursuit of a cost leadership strategy, combined with either high HR manager involvement or high middle manager involvement, produced high business performance. Thus, we found a positive and significant interaction such that increasing levels of manager involvement in strategy and a cost leadership strategy was associated with much higher levels of performance. Lower levels of manager involvement combined with the cost leadership strategy, however, were related to much lower performance. No such interaction effect was apparent for differentiation strategies.     

From merchant to merchant-ruler: A structure–conduct–performance perspective of the East India Company's history, 1600–1765

Many nineteenth-century historians claimed that the English East India Company's trade and commercial activities, right from inception, were never really a financially profitable enterprise. This argument is incorporated within an altered structure–conduct–performance (SCP) paradigm to rearticulate the Company's history between 1600 and 1765. Rather than characterising the Company as simply a chartered monopoly, the article instead argues that the market structure in which it operated was competitive or contestable but, at the same time, wrought with high sunk costs and free-riders. This framework allows us to understand why the Company desperately pursued market conduct strategies to gain monopoly and monopsony power in England and India respectively, which simultaneously contributed to its transformation from merchant to merchant-ruler. In this process the Company redefined not merely industry boundaries but also those between industry and state.     

浅析两淮盐商文化的旅游价值与开发问题

两淮是我国历史上主要的食盐集散地,两淮盐商盐商文化博大精深。特别是扬州盐商文化具有突出的旅游开发价值。从旅游景观意义上看,盐商文化遗址主要有六大类型,应从多方面挖掘其旅游开发的亮点,进一步提升扬州历史名城的旅游魅力。     

Dynamics of liner shipping network and port connectivity in supply chain systems: analysis on East Asia

The study of ports in supply chain systems is an emerging area of importance which has drawn more attention from researchers in recent years. This paper presents a new perspective in this research area by examining the calling patterns of container shipping services in order to understand the dynamics of port connectivity and inter-port relationships in the supply chains. Empirical evidence is drawn from four major ports in East Asia, namely Shanghai, Busan, Kaohsiung and Ningbo. The study identifies the shipping capacity, trade routes and geographical regions connected to the ports, shipping lines involved, and the extensity and intensity of inter-port relationships among the four container ports from liner shipping network’s perspective. The findings show that most of the shipping capacity employed on the major east–west trade routes became non-exclusive and involved calls at two or more of the four ports. Port planners, terminal operators and carriers could capitalise on opportunities through exploitation of complementary relationships that exist among the selected ports, such as offering a package for shipping lines to call at a portfolio of terminals owned by the same terminal operator. Policy and research implications as well as recommendations are discussed for various stakeholders concerned with port planning and regional development.     

杭州东站综合交通枢纽规划设计的思考

杭州东站综合交通枢纽规划设计对全国同类型的综合交通枢纽建设具有较强指导和借鉴价值。从综合交通枢纽的概念入手,结合当前综合交通枢纽的发展形势与背景,在文献研究和实践调研的基础上,介绍了杭州东站综合交通枢纽设计研究概况。对杭州东站综合交通枢纽的规划、设计和建筑特点等进行分析和思考,就如何建设好我国未来铁路综合交通枢纽,使之在规划设计、功能布局等方面与城市融为一体,实现交通功能和城市功能的和谐发展等提出了相应的建议。     

Government websites for promoting East Asian culinary tourism: A cross-national analysis

The content of government tourism websites is very important for promoting a tourist destination's exciting cuisine and food culture. These websites help to shape a country's, region's or locality's culinary-cultural image; they create a virtual experience for culinary tourists. This study explores the contents of the cuisine and gastronomy websites of Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand, analyzing the techniques used to introduce and promote these East Asian tourist destinations' cuisine and food culture. Specifically, the researchers examined the capacity of government websites to introduce and advertise traditional and local foods, restaurants, gastronomic tours, recipes and culinary cultures (including table manners and other dining customs). They also looked more generally at culinary tourism marketing strategies, including the use of restaurant guides and certifications.     

浅析东亚多层次合作现状及趋向

东亚地区的经贸合作存在多层次性,但从长期来看,这些多层次合作将归于东亚自由贸易区。这不仅由世界经济一体化的趋势决定,更是东亚各国经济发展的需要。在朝向自由贸易区的进程中,东亚各国要目标一致,在借鉴其他区域组织成功经验的同时,设计适合自身的合作框架。     

金融危机的贸易传导与东亚贸易模式的转型研究

东亚的"雁行"国际分工与组织模式自上世纪90年代以来逐渐衰落,其带动东亚贸易发展的作用下降.全球金融危机对东亚经济造成严重影响,不仅加大了东亚的金融风险,也给其出口导向型发展战略造成巨大的调整压力.在金融危机中,东亚出口增长下降,持有的巨额美元资产面临着损失的风险,宏观经济波动加剧,管理与调控难度加大.在此背景下,东亚一方面要转变贸易发展模式,调整结构,另一方面要加强相互间的经济合作.