Destination Images Penetrated by Mega-events: A Behaviorist Study of the 2008 Beijing Olympics

While the penetration effect of mega-events on the hosts' destination images is important, its research has rather been insufficient. This study aims to fill the gap by initiating an in-depth investigation of this effect. Guided by behaviorism rather than introspectionism and psychometrics adopted by previous researchers, the study interviewed 66 tourists visiting Beijing city – the host of the 2008 Summer Olympics – before, during and after the event. The results showed that: (1) elements of the Olympics had penetrated into the core and semi-core of Beijing's destination image; (2) the penetration did vary according to different event elements and event stages; and (3) the penetration was jointly determined by the stimuli the tourists received during the surveys and their complex mental mechanisms (i.e. cognitive matching and attitudinal preference). This research has strengthened the evidence for the penetration effect, explained it systematically and expanded the methodological choices in studying similar topics.     

What should you pay to host a party? An economic analysis of hosting sports mega-events

Governments all over the world put huge amounts of money into bidding for, and then hosting, sports events like Football’s World Cup or the Olympic Games. They also give money to professional sports teams and other mega-events to encourage them to locate within a particular constituency. This article examines the statistical relationship between tourism and three Football World Cups and five Olympic Games, finding very little positive effect. Given this conclusion, the article looks at why governments continue to bid for these competitions. It presents evidence that shows that these sports contests make people happy, and argues that politicians capitalize on this feel-good factor; harnessing the hubris associated with these events for political gain. The article then contends that the best way to reduce the politics associated with bidding for mega-events is to allocate them via an auction, rather than the wasteful rent-seeking methods that are currently used.     

Mixed-strategy equilibria and strong purification for games with private and public information

This paper shows the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria for games with private and public information under general conditions. Under the additional assumptions of finiteness of action spaces and diffuseness and conditional independence of private information, a strong purification result is obtained for the mixed strategies in such games. As a corollary, the existence of pure-strategy equilibria follows. I am very grateful to Yeneng Sun, Nicholas C. Yannelis and M. Ali Khan for helpful discussions and suggestions. I also wish to thank an anonymous referee whose comments led to many improvements in the paper.     

Stochastic better-reply dynamics in finite games

In this paper, we analyze a model where individuals from finite populations are repeatedly drawn to play a finite game and in every period choose a weakly better reply to a sample distribution from a finite history of past play. For all finite games and sufficiently incomplete information, we prove convergence to minimal sets closed under better replies. This result complements previous findings in a deterministic continuous-time framework and implies convergence to strict Nash equilibria in many well-known classes of games.     

政策性负担与长期预算软约束

经济学家们很早就注意到了政策性负担对预算软约束的影响,然而现有的有关政策性负担的理论模型主要集中讨论政策性负担与企业补贴的关系,但企业补贴并不等于预算软约束。为此,本文首先建立了一个简单的三阶段动态博弈模型,在该框架下我们可以准确地定义预算软约束问题,并分析政策性负担对预算软约束的影响。然后,我们利用重复博弈的思想将本文的基本模型动态化,建立了长期预算软约束的基本理论框架,这在现有的预算软约束文献中是不多见的,有助于更加全面地考察影响政策性负担、预算软约束和道德风险问题的各种因素。本文的主要结论是,政策性负担是导致企业出现预算软约束问题的重要根源之一,但如果政府和企业之间的博弈可以重复进行,预算软约束问题能够得到有效缓解。     

奥运创意经济引领创意城市发展

从根本上看,奥运是一种文化创意产业,是推动城市文化创意产业发展的强大动力。奥运创意经济是以创意为核心,以体验为基础,以注意力为目标的文化产业,是依托当代高科技和传播媒介的文化实践方式。奥运本身是一个机遇,会给创意产业带来发展,最终给城市带来效应。基于我国创意城市发展的低水平,当前重要的是要抓住北京奥运这一机遇,大力发展奥运创意经济,促进我国创意城市的发展。     

奥运经济与我国体育经济的发展

北京奥运会的成功举办给我国体育经济的发展到来了契机。文章首先简要概述了奥运经济的概念及其影响,其次,分析了目前我国体育经济的发展现状,并在此基础上提出了未来的发展策略。     

现代技术对现代奥林匹克运动的制约作用及其出路

现代技术是一把双刃剑,它不但促进了现代奥林匹克运动的发展与繁荣,而且也在某些方面制约了现代奥林匹克运动进一步发展与跨越。面对种种制约,我们应该而且也能够为现代奥林匹克运动的进一步发展与繁荣寻求出路,以促进奥林匹克运动健康、和谐发展,使奥林匹克主义和精神成为我们社会发展的理想精神核心。     

中国“后奥运时代”的体育经济

中国的体育健儿在北京奥运会上取得了空前绝后的成绩。奥运会不仅仅能够使世界更加了解中国,同时也能够促进了中国文化以及经济的发展。中国在进入了"后奥运时代"后,我国的体育经济时代已经开始了大步发展,目前已经步入了一个新的台阶,为今后的体育经济时代提供了一个千载难逢的机会。而对于目前我国如何应对"后奥运时代"的中国体育经济的发展和其中可能发生的问题,作者对此尝试着进行讨论和总结。本文主要讨论的内容是后奥运时代的中国体育经济的发展方向。     

大型体育赛事与农民工体育发展

认为城市举办大型体育赛事能带动地方体育事业的发展,尤其是能促进农民工体育事业的发展。在以往发展农民工体育的过程中,会遇到许多不利因素,如农民工自身"经济理性"的近视行为、体育文化的缺乏和组织管理的松散等。农民工体育要做到可持续发展,必须在大力宣传《全民健身条例》等政策法规的同时,以所在城市举办大型体育赛事为契机,加强农民工体育组织建设,免费开放一些体育场馆,才能让农民工真正融入到体育文化活动中去。