中国企业从出口到OFDI的渐进国际化——基于不确定性的视角

国际市场的不确定性会促使企业遵守循序渐进的国际化进程。对此,文章通过构建二阶段模型,阐释了不确定性条件下企业如何由出口向OFDI动态转型。在此基础上,文章选取2000-2006年中国海关数据库、中国工业企业数据库和境外投资企业名录的匹配数据,采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）检验出口对OFDI决策的影响,进而采用Cox回归分析不确定性条件下出口经验与OFDI决策的关系。结果发现,不确定性越强,出口经验对OFDI决策的作用就越重要,但是该作用会随着在同一市场连续出口时间的延长而依次递减;按所有权分类的实证结果进一步显示,私营企业和外资企业出口对OFDI的影响持续降低;集体企业在最初第二、三年的出口经验对OFDI决策影响最大,之后逐年降低,呈倒"U"型;国有企业的出口经验对OFDI的影响始终呈现不规律变化。     

Voluntary Disclosure of Auditors＇ Report on Internal Control： Firm Characteristics and Economic Consequences

Using propensity score matching （PSM） and the difference-in- difference （DID） approach, this paper explores the characteristics of listed Chinese firms that voluntarily disclose auditors＇ reports on internal control and the economic consequences. Using a sample of non-financial firms listed on the main boards of the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange between 2006 and 2010, we find that firms are more likely to voluntarily disclose their auditors＇ reports on internal control if they have higher state ownership, lower managerial ownership, sanction records, audit committees, non-Big Four auditors as their auditors of annual financial reports, unqualified auditors＇ opinions on financial reports, less board independence, after controlling for firm size, liabilities, performance, and history. Moreover, as compared to a control group that exhibits similar characteristics, firms that voluntarily disclose auditors＇ reports on internal control are associated with positive earnings quality and negative cost of equity capital.     

PSM system upgrade in response to an Occupational Safety and Health Administration NEP inspection

This article presents a brief analysis of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Petroleum Refinery Process Safety Management National Emphasis Program (NEP) citation results as of early 2009. It includes trends distilled from the OSHA inspections performed to date. Recommendations for preparing for PSM NEP level inspections are provided. A proven approach to designing and implementing an upgrade project for OSHA process safety management systems and EPA risk management program is described. The model presented can be targeted to a facility's NEP specific citations or used for a general PSM system effectiveness upgrade. This article includes recommendations for improving PSM as a result of an NEP inspection. The recommendations are for the PSM elements that routinely have major OSHA citations; that is: Operating Procedures, Mechanical Integrity, Process Hazards Analysis, Process Safety Information, Management of Change, and Incident Investigations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2009     

能力差异视角下农户参与特色农业项目的减贫效应研究

基于武陵山区特色农业发展地区农户的微观调研数据,综合运用熵值法和倾向得分匹配法（PSM）实证分析农户参与特色农业项目的减贫效应以及不同参与能力水平农户的差异。研究结果显示：贫困农户的参与能力水平远低于非贫困农户,且参与行为有着明显的能力依赖特征,导致低能力水平的贫困农户存在参与不足的情况。农户参与特色农业项目具有显著的减贫效应,参与的农户比没有参与农户的贫困发生几率低10.11%。基于不同参与能力农户的进一步比较发现,农户参与特色农业项目的减贫作用有着明显的"益弱性"特征,同时对于低能力水平农户又有着一定的"门槛"约束。     

Economic impacts of integrated pest management (IPM) farmer field schools (FFS): evidence from onion farmers in the Philippines

This article comprehensively examines the impact of integrated pest management‐farmer field school (IPM‐FFS) on yield, insecticide expenditures, labor expenditures, herbicide expenditures, fertilizer expenditures, and profit, based on data from onion producers in the Philippines. Propensity score matching (PSM) and regression‐based approaches that account for potential bias due to selection problems from observable variables are used to achieve the objective of the study. Sensitivity of our IPM‐FFS impact results to potential bias due to “selection on unobservables” was also assessed. We find that farmers who participate in the IPM‐FFS training program have statistically lower insecticide expenditures than the non‐IPM‐FFS farmers. But we do not find any evidence that the IPM‐FFS training program significantly affects yield and the other inputs. There is some evidence indicating that IPM‐FFS farmers may have statistically higher profit levels than non‐IPM‐FFS producers, but these results are sensitive to and may still be invalidated by bias due to unobservable variables. Since IPM‐FFS seem to only significantly reduce insecticide use, policymakers and extension educators may need to adjust the IPM‐FFS curriculum to further emphasize (or include) other agronomic practices that also optimize the use of other inputs like labor, fertilizer, and herbicides. The more efficient use of all inputs would likely reduce total expenditures and eventually translate to higher incomes.     

农户参与农业全程生产托管诱因及福祉效应研究

[目的]农业生产托管作为面向小农户的社会化服务体系,在一定程度上解决了小农户在劳动力、技术、资金等方面的实际困难,对农户福利变化及差异产生重要影响。研究农户参与的诱因及福祉效应,对于促进农业生产托管推广应用,实现农业现代化发展有着重要的现实意义。[方法]基于2021年陕西省关中地区1 169份农户微观调研数据,文章通过熵值法对农户的主客观福祉水平进行测算,并运用倾向得分匹配模型实证分析农户参与全程托管的诱因及对其福祉效应的影响。[结果](1)农业全程托管对农户的主客观福祉水平均具有显著的正向影响,不仅在收入与物质需求、选择与行动自由两个维度上增进农户的客观福祉,也有助于农户主观福祉中“三生空间”满意度的提升。(2)全程托管的福祉效应在不同群体间存在显著的差异,对老龄化程度高、经营规模0.67hm²(10亩)以下及粮食作物种植的农户和家庭福祉效应的提升效果较佳。(3)农户全程托管是其理性决策的结果,个人及家庭特征、农业经营特征及组织支持等是农户全程托管的重要影响因素。[结论]继续加大农业生产托管的推广普及,扩大全程托管覆盖面。结合农户特征,制定差异化、精准化的支持举...     

ESG 评级分歧一定带来负面影响吗? —— 基于债务融资成本的视角

ESG评级分歧的存在给债权人带来了一定的决策困扰,但是也会促使企业进行“自救”,这种自救行为可能会缓解企业与债权人之间信息不对称的问题,提升企业发展潜力,从而降低企业债务融资成本。本文以2009-2022年A股上市公司面板数据为样本,探究ESG评级分歧对债务融资成本的影响及其作用机理。研究发现,ESG评级分歧显著降低了企业债务融资成本,经双重聚类、子样本回归、PSM倾向得分匹配、准自然实验等一系列稳健性检验和内生性处理后依然成立。机制分析表明,ESG评级分歧通过倒逼企业提高ESG信息披露质量、绿色创新水平以及引起分析师关注度降低债务融资成本。异质性分析发现,ESG评级分歧对高污染行业企业和地区金融生态环境较差企业债务融资成本的降低作用更为明显。经济后果检验表明,ESG评级分歧提升了企业市场价值,导致企业拥有更高的市场发展能力。本文从债务融资成本的角度揭示了ESG评级分歧的经济后果,丰富了ESG评级分歧的内涵,对是否需要迫切统一ESG评级标准及如何统一具有重要的意义。     

海外并购与企业创新

在当前我国企业海外并购快速增长的背景下,本文利用2008-2015年上市公司海外并购交易数据和企业专利数据库,采用倾向匹配得分法和非线性双重差分法考察了跨国并购对企业自主创新的影响。研究结果发现,海外并购显著地提高了企业的创新水平,且这种提升效应具有持续性但呈逐年下降的趋势;区分专利类型来看,海外并购企业的发明、实用新型专利申请及发明授权数显著增加,但对外观专利的影响不明显甚至为负,海外并购企业创新产出的增加不仅体现在数量上,创新的质量也显著提高。     

政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对农户收入效应的影响基于成都温江与崇州市对比分析

目的 由于成都市温江区和崇州市农地经营权抵押贷款类型均属自上而下的政府主导型,可将两地进行合并讨论政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对农户收入效应的影响,同时相较崇州市,成都市温江区在担保和抵押物处置环节引入第三方参与而更趋于市场化运作,因此将两地进行对比分析以进一步探讨第三方参与是否会使农户信贷约束和收入效应产生显著差异。方法 文章将成都温江和崇州市作为研究区域,通过实地调研共获取249个样本,采用倾向得分匹配—双重差分法（PSM-DID）探讨政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对缓解农户信贷约束、增加收入的影响。结果 政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款能缓解农户信贷约束、增加农户户均总收入、户均农业收入和户均非农收入,且引入第三方参与的温江区相较崇州市在信贷约束缓解程度、农户收入提升方面表现更优。结论 应大力推广政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款和积极引入第三方参与,以扩大农地经营权抵押贷款规模,促进农户增收和释放土地红利。     

女性社会网络关系与创业融资劣势

随着“大众创业、万众创新”相关政策深入实施,利用互联网众筹等新融资平台为创业团队募集资金,已成为创业融资的重要手段。然而,在网络众筹平台上,女性领导者主持的创业项目在数量、融资额度或成功机会上均远低于男性领导的创业项目。女性是否存在互联网创业融资瓶颈,何种原因导致上述劣势存在,成为理论界亟需解决的重要问题。为此,从社会嵌入理论出发,基于互联网众筹平台1 517个创业项目,利用PSM及OLS方法研究发现,女性在社会网络相关条件强度和社会网络对创业融资影响两方面都存在创业劣势,进而确定了女性创业者融资劣势的来源,并提出了相关建议。