司法解决行政争议中实质性标准的廓清

在行政争议实质性解决的理念下，能动司法不意味着司法万能。司法实践对实质性的判断主要体现在三个维度上： 通过合理性审查消灭不确定法律状态，基于保障权益和节约资源而变通诉讼程序，进入审判外协商调解与府院合作的解纷渠道。一方面，法院将确权判决、原告撤诉、诉讼程序不重启、协商调解等可视化结果视为实质化解行政争议；另一方面，实质化解行政争议在多数裁判文书中仅作为宣誓性表达。这造成实质性的形式化，泛化实质性标准，产生司法能动与谦抑、程序与实体、尊重当事人意志与司法介入之间的价值冲突。我国司法正义观介于纯粹过程正义和结果正义之间，追求解纷效率的同时，需避免司法负担过重或肆意逸脱至审判外渠道。鉴于此，司法解决行政争议中实质性标准应受限于司法实体裁判能力，理性识别权利保护的必要性，且不可将协商调解与府院合作等同于实质性的达成。     

Governance and control in distributed ledgers: Understanding the challenges facing blockchain technology in financial services

As blockchain platforms are becoming increasingly noticeable in financial services and beyond, questions arise regarding their suitability to compete with or replace existing payment systems and marketplaces and redesign the financial infrastructures of the future. Prominent among these concerns are issues around governance and control in distributed ledgers: How are distributed ledger technologies governed? Can blockchains address complex administration problems? What key issues of note for practitioners and academics have emerged thus far? In this paper we aim to review the existing governance practices of established or popular blockchain and decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) systems with a view to understanding how they hold up in times of crises. What questions are raised when they are compromised or faced consensus challenges in coordinating action especially around control and accountability? We use a translational process, generating focal insights about present concerns from the reference point of completed academic studies and extensive practitioner consultation. Rather than adopting a declarative approach attempting to provide all the answers, we draw insights from the IT platform governance literature to offer a critical perspective for asking the right questions around key governance issues in financial infrastructure such as decision rights, control mechanisms, and incentives.     

Identifying the relationship between length of hospital stay and the probability of readmission

We estimate the effect of hospital length of stay (LOS) on the probability of 30-day readmission for 516,768 patients hospitalized with heart failure in California from 2005 to 2011. We use hospital crowding as an instrumental variable to control for bias from omitted health characteristics. Our results suggest that the literature, which has for 30 years identified readmission rates increasing with LOS, has not controlled for omitted variable bias when estimating the benefits from a patient’s hospital stay.     

高等学校对口援疆财政转移支付制度构建

高等学校对口援疆政策为新疆高等教育发展带来新的机遇。本文在回顾了高等学校对口援疆政策的演进后,界定了对口援疆高等教育工作财政转移支付制度的概念,并通过分析高等学校对口援疆实践,发现当前高等学校对口援疆财政转移支付缺乏规范的制度约束。为提升对口支援效率,本文从预算制度、审支制度和会计制度三个维度构建了高等学校对口援疆财政转移支付制度。     

快速发展的跨境电子商务与第三方支付管理探究

本文分析了跨境电子商务与第三方支付发展状况及特点,研究了跨境电子商务与第三方支付存在的问题和困难,对促进跨境电子商务与第三方支付发展提出了政策建议.     

中小企业融资难的解决机制研究

中小企业融资难与中小企业的发展优势及其在国民经济中的重要性不对称,严重制约了中小企业的发展.需要在界定中小企业及其融资的基础上,分析中小企业融资的现状,提出中小企业融资难的解决机制亟待解决.     

通货膨胀目标制:理论、实践及其启示——兼论我国房地产市场调控

通货膨胀目标是由官方公开宣布未来一段时间内需要达到的通货膨胀目标或区间,明确承认低的、稳定的通货膨胀率是货币政策的首要长期目标。从长期看,中央银行可以产生系统的影响的惟一宏观经济变量只有通货膨胀率。没有中央银行的默许,通货膨胀就无法扎根。虽然石油价格冲击、持久干旱、升高的税收或者新的政府法令都有可能推动物价指数上升,除非中央银行对此不闻不问,否则,通货膨胀是不可能长久存在的。     

银行信贷首付约束与中国房地产价格研究

本文引入银行信贷的首付约束,建立了带有房地产部门的动态随机一般均衡模型,为分析首付约束与房地产价格关系提供了一个可操作的框架。通过和实际经济比较表明,构建的模型对中国经济和房地产价格波动有较好的解释力。本文得到了首付约束冲击对房地产价格的动态影响过程,研究证实首付约束的正向冲击不仅抬高了房地产价格,而且冲击的持久性更强;同时首付约束的正向冲击还放大了房地产价格对货币政策冲击和产出冲击的脉冲响应。     

完善我国财政转移支付制度的思考——基于政府间行为分析

近年来，我国转移支付的规模呈逐年扩大之势，转移支付中的问题也层出不穷。本文通过分析我国财政转移支付的现状，认为产生各种问题的原因主要在于政府间事权与财权划分不清、预算的模糊和非刚性以及转移支付管理的弱化。其本质原因在于政府问权力的划分及由此衍生出的利益之争。因此，要想有效发挥我国转移支付制度的设计目标，就必须从清晰界定政府间的事权与财权，细化预算、保证预算的规范透明并对预算实施有效监督，以及制定规范转移支付的法律法规等方面去完善。     

INTERCHANGE FEES IN PAYMENT CARD SYSTEMS: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE

Abstract This paper surveys the recent literature about interchange fees in payment card systems. Interchange fees are used by payment platforms to allocate the total cost of a payment card transaction between the cardholder's bank, the issuer, and the merchant's bank, the acquirer. Each time a consumer pays by card, its bank receives an interchange fee from the merchants' bank. Banks argue that interchange fees are needed to encourage the use of electronic payment instruments, whereas merchants claim that they artificially inflate the cost of accepting cards. This paper sheds light on the ongoing debate that opposes banks to the regulatory institutions or the competition authorities in various countries, by reviewing the theoretical results of the literature and highlighting some unanswered issues.