儿科门诊抗菌药物使用调查分析

目的通过对儿科门诊抗菌药物使用情况分析,为儿科合理用药提供参考.方法随机抽查我院儿科门诊2011年10月-2012年10月的处方共计5741张,对处方中抗菌药物的种类、使用途径、使用率等进行统计分析.结果使用抗菌药物处方为2438张,占总处方的比例为42.47%,共使用7种抗菌药物,其中口服抗生素888张,注射用抗生素1505张,注射＋口服的抗生素45张,以阿奇霉素、头孢呋辛钠、头孢曲松钠居前3位.结论抗菌药物的使用基本合理,应继续加强抗菌药物的整治,提高合理用药水平.     

药品不良反应/事件的发生情况分析

目的对我门诊近几年药品不良反应/事件(ADR/ADE)的发生情况进行分析,为今后的临床合理用药提供可靠的依据。方法收集2010年1月至2013年12月我门诊药品不良反应/事件报告212例,并展开回顾性分析。结果本组212例报告中,男性多于女性,年龄为35天~88岁,不同年龄组发生率存在差异(P<0.05);给药途径中静脉给药占比最高;212例报告中联合用药占57.08%;药品种类以抗感染类居首位;不良反应/事件主要累及患者的皮肤及附件等。结论药品不良反应/事件会对临床用药合理性产生影响,应对其引起重视。     

The Decline of In-kind Wage Payments in Urban China

Chinese collective and state-owned enterprises have tended to over-compensate their employees. Using payments in kind as an example, this paper examines why and how firms engage in such ‘irrational’ behavior. In-kind payments (payments made in terms of consumer goods) used to be an important aspect of urban life in China - 68% of our sample workers received payments in kind in 1988. The ratio declined to only 10% in 1999. In explaining the prevalence of in-kind payment in the 1980s and the subsequent decline in the 1990s, two hypotheses are proposed. The first is the lack of access to consumer goods by individuals. The second is to evade the control on wage bills imposed by the government. Empirical evidence from an urban household survey is consistent with the second hypothesis. The results imply that the introduction of a hard budget constraint is essential to ensure the rational behavior of public enterprises in setting their wage payments.