The impact of expectation of future negotiation interaction on bargaining processes and outcomes

This research conceptualizes and experimentally tests differences in pre-negotiation behavioral influences, negotiation processes, negotiation outcomes, and post-negotiation dispositions involving buyers and sellers negotiating under the expectation of future negotiation interaction (EFNI) versus no expectation of future interaction (Non-EFI). EFNI bargainers have lower aspiration levels, expect the negotiations will be friendlier, and predominantly use a problem-solving bargaining style compared to Non-EFI bargainers. Perforce, EFNI appears to have a strong moderating effect on satisfaction as Non-EFI bargainers' satisfaction is strongly predicated on their monetary outcomes (expectation-disconfirmation paradigm), while EFNI bargainers' satisfaction is not. Further, while EFNI negotiations take longer than Non-EFI negotiations, they also produce greater parity between buyers' and sellers' satisfaction, which leads to fewer bargainers being dissatisfied. Thus, compared to one-time negotiations, bargainers in EFNI contexts are more likely to be disposed to bargain again, to enter into negotiations with a harmonious disposition and seek solutions that benefit both parties.     

中国男性人口死亡率动态预测的方法比较——基于Lee-Carter模型与贝叶斯分层模型的研究

选取中国国家统计局公布的全国男性分年龄人口死亡率,采用Lee-Carter模型和贝叶斯分层模型对男性人口死亡率进行动态预测,并将结果进行比较,探寻更加适合中国男性人口死亡率的预测方法。研究表明,Lee-Carter模型和贝叶斯分层模型在男性人口死亡率预测中各有优劣,长短期可搭配使用;Lee-Carter模型具有更佳的拟合优度和短期预测效果,但预测区间的范围较窄,且死亡率改善速度为常数的假设不符合人类生物规律;贝叶斯分层模型适合长期预测,预期寿命服从逻辑斯蒂分布的假设较为合理,然而通过模型生命表将预期寿命转换为年龄别死亡率,将会损失死亡率的年龄信息。     

Pictures vs. reality: Roles of disconfirmation magnitude,disconfirmation sensitivity,and branding

This study aims to increase our understanding of the effects of food pictures in formulating customers’ expectations and performance evaluation, which, in turn, affect customer satisfaction, trust, and behavioral intentions in the restaurant context. Extending the expectancy disconfirmation theory, we have conducted three experimental designed studies involving a total of 1105 customers. Specifically, study 1 explores three disconfirmation magnitudes (low, moderate, high) and their impact on customer evaluations and behaviors. Study 2 demonstrates the interactive effects of disconfirmation magnitude and branding on customer trust, suggesting that branding mitigates the negative effect of disconfirmation magnitude on trust. Study 3 includes individual differences of disconfirmation sensitivity to explain the variation of the expectancy disconfirmation model, revealing that customers with higher disconfirmation sensitivity are less likely to be satisfied and trust a restaurant as the disconfirmation magnitude increases. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided.     

Analysis of the non-productive land use in Lithuania

The preservation of high-quality agricultural land and its proper use is a relevant task on a global scale. A specific problem is raised by the fact that agricultural land is a limited and a practically non-renewable natural resource. The use of land differs throughout the territory of Lithuania. Some areas are favourable to agriculture, while others are not. Less favoured agricultural areas include territories where agricultural activities are unprofitable due to low soil fertility, areas where the density of the rural population is lower than the national average, and areas where the viability of rural communities is decreasing. When planning the use of land, a priority must be given to the public interest, which also includes preservation and improvement of the land used for agriculture and forestry. It is necessary to harmonize natural (ecological) and agricultural systems, and on that basis it is necessary to economically and legally regulate the growth of production. Human agricultural activity must be adapted to the real natural conditions. Thus the environment would suffer minimum changes.The aim of the article is to conduct a systematic planning analysis of the non-productive land use in Lithuania and to develop a model suggesting the ways how to use the non-productive land.     

可接受性论证： 行政裁量的治理新机制

致力于在行政过程中通过理性商谈促成合作治理从而具有实质法治趋向的现代行政法立体式发展图景,蕴涵着“过程—效果”的行政裁量治理公法哲学旨趣,这一旨趣型塑了行政裁量“论证—可接受性”治理新机制的内核。“理性的可接受性”是行政裁量治理效果虽非唯一却行之有效的衡量标准： 依其强式理论,行政裁量首要的是获得遵守理性论证规则的法律共同体内的多数接受;依其弱式理论,行政相对人及社会公众的可接受性也应予以重视。“理性的可接受性”的复式理论因此一方面具有更大的弹性和包容度,能回应行政的现实流变,一方面也契合行政法治的核心/最优的复合要求。而要获致“理性的可接受性”则要在裁量过程和司法审查中展开多阶、多元的论证。     

The Impact of Better‐than‐Average Bias and Relative Performance Pay on Performance Outcome Satisfaction

Drawing on equity and expectancy theories, we hypothesize that the perception of accountants about their ability to contribute relative to a peer (operationalized as the better‐than‐average [BTA] bias) negatively influences their satisfaction with the outcomes of the performance evaluation process (operationalized as performance outcome satisfaction [POS]). We hypothesize further that this negative influence is mitigated by the amount of relative performance pay. We test these hypotheses using data collected from a survey of and an experiment involving 164 entry‐level accountants. We found that in general our participants rated themselves better than the average audit professional and their immediate work associate; that is, they displayed a BTA bias. Moreover, we found that both the BTA bias and performance pay individually influenced POS; we also found a moderately significant interaction effect. In their entirety, the results indicate that the greater an entry‐level accountant believes that she or he is better than average the more likely her or his performance outcome satisfaction will fall.     

How different types of financial service providers support small- and medium enterprises under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of expectancy theory

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted several aspects of the society and the economy. A problem that needs prompt attention in this situation is the increasing difficulties faced by small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in raising capital, which has aroused great concern from multiple stakeholders such as public administrations and regulators. As the major supply of capital, financial service providers (FSPs) play a critical role in financing SMEs. However, how FSPs deal with SME financing during shocks has not yet been fully researched. Accordingly, in this study, a theoretical framework based on expectancy theory is proposed to explore the expected strategic adjustments of FSPs in financing SMEs. Specifically, this study investigates 272 FSPs in China on their expectancy and attitude on financing to SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study has divided FSPs into three categories: commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, and credit-enhanced FSPs. Differences among these categories are compared and analyzed.     

从价值创造的角度看我国合理的MBO定价

我国管理层收购中的焦点问题之一是定价的不合理,本文从并购中价值创造的角度出发,综合考虑管理层收购这种收购形式的特殊性,借鉴国外定价的成功经验,指出我国合理的管理层收购定价不应当以每股净资产作为唯一的定价标准,应以投资资本净现金流为衡量价值的标准,综合考虑控制权溢价和流动性折价,并且引入市场竞争机制,真正实现以市场为舞台的双赢。     

德国规制商品过度包装的立法及借鉴

商品过度包装与发展循环经济、建设节约型社会格格不入，我国亟需对过度包装行为进行立法规制。德国是世界上最先研究避免商品过度包装的国家之一，其有关商品包装的立法颇值借鉴。     

对房地产非理性繁荣的理性思考

近年来,我国房地产业强势运行、房地产市场持续景气,呈现出一派“繁荣景象”,但是“繁荣”发展的表象之后存在着一些非理性因素,使这一繁荣成为了实质上的“非理性繁荣”。如果对这一“非理性繁荣”的态势不加以约束和规范,势必会影响房地产业、金融乃至经济全局的健康和理性发展。