财政政策的供给效应与经济发展

本文分析了发展中国家公共投资对私人资本积累的动态响应。针对公共资本的拥挤性特征 ,同时考虑财政投资可能引起的风险。在不考虑公共投资风险的分权经济中 ,由于公共资本和私人资本都处于短缺状态 ,企业争夺拥挤性公共资本而扩张私人资本的投资行为虽然使经济超常增长 ,但是存在过度投资和过度拥挤。在集中优化模型中 ,如果考虑到公共投资的风险 ,政府通过税收方式弥补公共投资风险 ,同时将企业投资产生的拥挤效应内部化 ,就能消除企业的过度投资和过度拥挤现象 ,使经济保持合理持续的增长。对中国这样的发展中国家 ,需要重视财政的供给效应 ,在经济起飞初期保证一定数量的政府资本性支出是必要的 ,但随着经济的不断发展和政府资本性支出累积的风险增加 ,财政转型十分必要。     

我国商业银行操作风险模拟估计

本文利用极值理论和蒙特卡洛模拟相结合的方法对我国商业银行操作损失整体分布进行估计。首先根据均超函数图估计出恰当的阈值,利用假设检验估计超阈值的发生强度,用广义帕累托分布估计了超限参数。采用模拟方法分别对超阈值的发生强度和损失强度进行拟合,得到年度超阈值损失分布的估计。低于闲值的分布采用统计方法获得发生强度和损失强度的分布。两者结合得出一定时期内操作风险总分布,并得出一定时期内的操作风险资本金。     

Feeding everyone: Solving the food crisis in event of global catastrophes that kill crops or obscure the sun

Mass human starvation is currently likely if global agricultural production is dramatically reduced for several years following a global catastrophe, e.g. super volcanic eruption, asteroid or comet impact, nuclear winter, abrupt climate change, super weed, extirpating crop pathogen, super bacterium, or super crop pest. This study summarizes the severity and probabilities of such scenarios, and provides an order of magnitude technical analysis comparing caloric requirements of all humans for 5 years with conversion of existing vegetation and fossil fuels to edible food. Here we present mechanisms for global-scale conversion including natural gas-digesting bacteria, extracting food from leaves, and conversion of fiber by enzymes, mushroom or bacteria growth, or a two-step process involving partial decomposition of fiber by fungi and/or bacteria and feeding them to animals such as beetles, ruminants (cattle, sheep, etc.), rats and chickens. We perform an analysis to determine the ramp rates for each option and the results show that careful planning and global cooperation could maintain humanity and the bulk of biodiversity.     

Social and Political Risks: Factors Affecting FDI in China's Mining Sector

Political risk can be defined as the potential for uncertainty and harm to business/economic operations that arise from political (governmental and other) behavior and events. These risks typically stem from factors such as economic structures, government institutions, policies, and societal characteristics, and are becoming more of a concern to prospective investors in a changing global political economy. This article seeks to expand upon the framework of political risk analysis by looking at “softer,” nonquantifiable risk factors. Through the analysis of foreign business experiences in China, we aim to demonstrate, via a qualitative case study of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Chinese mining sector, that in addition to typical financial, operational, and geological factors, firms should be better aware of the particular sociopolitical and cultural risks that can harm their investments in a given industry. This study draws on primary fieldwork, focuses on micropolitical risks to the industry, and stresses that multinational corporations (MNCs) could be more cognizant of the many societal factors that can influence an investment success. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Credit constraints and productivity in Peruvian agriculture

This article evaluates the performance of a rural credit market in Peru. We develop a model that shows that collateral requirements imposed by lenders in response to asymmetric information can lead not just to quantity rationing but also to transaction cost rationing and risk rationing. Just like quantity rationing, these two additional forms of nonprice rationing adversely affect farm resource allocation and productivity. We test the insights of the model using a panel data set from Northern Peru. We estimate the returns to productive endowments for constrained and unconstrained households using a switching regression model. We find that, consistent with the theory, productivity is independent of endowments for unconstrained households but is tightly linked to endowments for constrained households. We estimate that credit constraints lower the value of agricultural output in the study region by 26%.     

关于我国农业碳达峰，助力碳中和若干问题的思考

目的 农业作为保障国家粮食安全和生态安全的基础性产业,在推动我国实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标中将起到至关重要的作用。农业温室气体减排和农田土壤固碳是实现农业碳中和的重要途径,但在国家整体“双碳”目标实现过程中,农业碳达峰、助力碳中和应该主要解决什么问题,以便能够更好地纳入国家总体布局中;在实施过程中需要注意哪些全局性和方向性的问题目前尚不清晰。方法 文章对目前农业固碳减排研究的成果进行了系统的梳理、总结和凝练,针对我国不同阶段农业固碳减排在“双碳”目标实现中所需解决的科学问题和技术难题提出相应建议。结果 明确了“双碳”目标实现过程中,不同阶段农业固碳减排需关注和解决的三大关系（固碳减排与生产力稳定性之间的协同关系、土壤固碳与温室气体减排之间的协同关系、温室气体与污染物协同减排的关系）,并在系统监测、碳贸易方法学、构建人才队伍等方面提出了未来发展的方向及建议。结论 为科学控制我国农业温室气体排放、发展低碳绿色农业提供参考依据,以期为实现我国“碳中和”目标贡献农业力量。     

Climate protection and compact urban structures in spatial planning and local construction plans in Germany

The paper discusses opportunities for integration of the climate protection strategy declared by the German government into spatial and urban land-use plans in Germany.     

企业微观风险对宏观金融风险的传导分析

本通过对亚洲金融风暴的反思和分析，研究微观的企业财务风险是如何传导蔓延引发宏现金融危机；提出宏观财政体系、金融体系与微观企业财务体系在财务结构上具有同构性的观点；指出资产结构和经营风险的关系、财务结构与财务风险的关系、多种杠杆作用对风险的传导与放大作用以及不可忽视杠杆对企业和社会的正负双向影响作用；特别提出要防止微观经营主体将自己的风险向社会转嫁，政府和企业都必须重视财务管理，从源头上化解风险，防止微观风险对宏观金融的传导、放大和扩散。     

我国风险投资阶段选择的博弈分析

通过建立风险投资阶段分布的博弈模型,阐明风险企业成长各阶段的特点决定了风险投资的投资阶段分布。模型的结论表明,风险投资主要集中在风险企业的成长期和成熟期,这与我国的风险投资现状相一致;同时,控制风险是引导风险投资向风险企业成长的种子期和导入期转移的有效措施。在此基础上结合我国实际情况提出了引导我国风险资本向风险企业成长早期转移的相关对策,包括完善风险投资项目评估机制和风险投资退出机制等。     

晋升制度、过度自信与基金经理的投资风险水平

在Goel and Thakor(2000)的基础上,引入过度自信与晋升制度因素,对基金经理投资组合风险的选择行为进行了模型化的比较分析。研究结果表明,考虑晋升竞争将降低基金经理投资组合的风险水平;而过度自信则会使基金经理选择较高水平的投资组合风险,并能够获得更多的晋升机会。