我国企业内部控制体系评论

内部控制体系是企业重要的风险防范系统,但现阶段我国企业内部控制体系中存在许多缺陷,表现在所有权、决策经营权和监督权的制衡问题、决策权与经营权制衡问题、内部审计体制问题、内部操作规程问题和财务(会计)的控制问题。本文认为,以董事会和管理层为主导的公司治理模式和内部控制、风险管理制度不能充分保障所有产权人的利益,难以有效防范风险,企业应加强监事会的作用,改造独立董事的功能。     

The China–US Trade War: Deep‐Rooted Causes,Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects

The USA has waged a trade war against China, whose rapid rise has come to be seen as a threat to US hegemony. Besides imposing additional tariffs on imported Chinese products, the USA is also tightening restrictions on the transfer of technology to China and the business activities of some Chinese high‐tech companies, notably Huawei. The escalation of the trade war into a tech war could lead to a decoupling between the US and Chinese economies, if not a world economy divided into two economic blocs that centered on them.     

Market power and risk of Central and Eastern European banks: Does more powerful mean safer?

As understanding the market power–risk relationship in CEE banking systems is of the utmost importance to policy-makers in these countries, we investigate whether CEE banks must have greater market power to be safer. Our results suggest that more market power reduces the fragility of banking institutions, on one hand, and that banking market concentration tends to make these banks riskier, on the other. Our findings are robust to whatever form of market power-risk relationship and whatever market-power measures we use. More precisely, financial markets perceive CEE banks with more market power as less fragile, while the latter are also better capitalised with respect to the distribution of their returns. Moreover, they are even (much) better capitalised when they hold less-diversified and less-liquid assets and when they operate within a stricter banking regulatory environment, which suggests a risk-stabilising role for diversification, liquidity and the bank regulatory environment in these countries.     

Testing the Gaussian and Student's t copulas in a risk management framework

This paper introduces a semiparametric framework for selecting either a Gaussian or a Student's t copula in a d-dimensional setting. We compare the two models using four different approaches: (i) four goodness-of-fit graphical plots, (ii) a bootstrapped correlation matrix generated in each scenario with the empirical correlation matrix used as a benchmark, (iii) Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) as risk measures, and (iv) co-Value-at-Risk (CoVaR) and Marginal Expected Shortfall (MES) as co-risk measures. We illustrate this four-step procedure using a portfolio of daily returns of six international stock indices. The VaR results confirm that the t-based copula model is an attractive alternative to the Gaussian. The ES analysis is less conclusive, and indicates that risk managers should jointly use the risk measure as well as the copula model. The results highlight the importance of promoting stress testing rather than ES in the risk management industry, particularly in the aftermath of a financial crisis.     

公允价值的收益波动性与市场反应——来自中国上市商业银行的证据

本文以中国上市商业银行为样本,对中国新会计准则实施后公允价值收益波动性及其经济后果进行了考察。研究结果发现,公允价值计量属性的采用并未导致净利润波动性的增大;市场也没有将公允价值计量增加的收益波动性视为风险要素而予以定价;银行股票价格也未对公允价值收益波动性作出反应。这说明,中国股票市场对公允价值收益波动性反应不显著,公允价值加速器效应在我国股票市场并不存在。本研究结论对完善中国公允价值计量体系、加强金融市场会计监管具有借鉴意义。     

风险补偿视角下的汇率传递及其国别差异——基于深圳和黄埔港出口数据的实证

本文基于2000年1月至2008年12月深圳和黄埔港口大类8位数HS编码出口商品月度单价,构建面板模型,研究经两港出口至美、德、英和日本商品的汇率传递效应及汇率预期对厂商定价的影响。实证显示,即期汇率传递率较高,厂商定价对人民币即期升（贬）值较敏感,且国别差异显著;出口商根据本币预期升（贬）值幅度相应调高（低）报价,以规避汇率风险。因此,汇率波动向出口商品本币价格的传导实际上存在两个渠道,当市场普遍预期未来汇率会发生较大的变化,即使即期名义汇率保持稳定,预期的改变可能已经悄然传导到价格上,并实际地影响到贸易量。     

Real exchange rate determination: Empirical observations from East-Asian countries

In this paper the models for the real exchange rate determination are re-examined between Japan and five East-Asian countries. Two important findings are reported. First, the real interest rate-bias model is valid for Korea-, Malaysia-, Indonesia-, and Philippines-Japan, and the productivity-bias model is valid for Indonesia-, and Philippines-Japan: that is, the coefficients of relative variables are stable and statistically significant. Second, there is no evidence that the political risk premium model is valid. First version received: September 2000/Final version received: April 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  This paper was presented at the Tohoku University Economics Conference April 1999. I acknowledge Yoshihiko Tsukuda, Hiroya Akiba, Tadashi Kuriyama, Jiro Akita and Hiroyuki Ozaki for their helpful comments. Also, I am very grateful to two referees of this journal for many valuable comments. The research was supported by the Nomura foundation for Social Science in 2000.     

中国生猪产业的金融化推进

中国生猪产业面临自然灾害、疫病传染、市场波动三大风险,因此文章提出金融化推进手段以对冲三大风险.首先厘清中国生猪产业金融化推进的合理性;其次论述如何构筑中国生猪产业金融化推进机制;最后指出如何建设中国生猪产业金融化推进的保障体系.     

You Don't Always Get What You Pay For: Bonuses,Perceived Income and Effort

Abstract. Consider a principal–agent relationship in which more effort by the agent raises the likelihood of success. This paper provides conditions such that no success bonus induces the agent to exert more effort and the optimal contract is independent of success. Moreover, success bonuses may even reduce effort and thus the probability of success. The reason is that bonuses increase the perceived income of the agent and can hence reduce his willingness to exert effort. This perceived income effect has to be weighed against the incentive effect of the bonus. The tradeoff is determined by the marginal effect of effort on the success probability in relation to this probability itself (success hazard‐rate of effort). The paper also discusses practical implications of the finding.     

财政支持农业巨灾风险分散--基于国际经验与现实国情的综合考量

农业巨灾风险分散体系是农业保险可持续发展的保障,财政支持农业巨灾风险分散不可或缺。通过借鉴国际经验和梳理我国“北京模式”、“安徽模式”、“江苏模式”、“浙江模式”的实践经验,揭示出再保险、巨灾风险准备金、风险证券化和政府财政最后支持是其应对农业巨灾风险的共性。进而提出我国财政支持农业巨灾风险分散体系的路径选择,如行政化和市场化相结合,撬动资本市场资金参与;建立与多层次的巨灾分散机制相对应的财政支持体系等,以期为我国财政支持农业巨灾风险分散提供依据和借鉴方法。