Liquidity effects of trading frequency

In this paper, we present a discrete‐time modeling framework, in which the shape and dynamics of a Limit Order Book (LOB) arise endogenously from an equilibrium between multiple market participants (agents). We use the proposed modeling framework to analyze the effects of trading frequency on market liquidity in a very general setting. In particular, we demonstrate the dual effect of high trading frequency. On the one hand, the higher frequency increases market efficiency, if the agents choose to provide liquidity in equilibrium. On the other hand, it also makes markets more fragile, in the sense that the agents choose to provide liquidity in equilibrium only if they are market neutral (i.e., their beliefs satisfy certain martingale property). Even a very small deviation from market neutrality may cause the agents to stop providing liquidity, if the trading frequency is sufficiently high, which represents an endogenous liquidity crisis (also known as flash crash) in the market. This framework enables us to provide more insight into how such a liquidity crisis unfolds, connecting it to the so‐called adverse selection effect.     

室内设计的概念、制约因素和程序

文章论述了室内设计的概念、目的、制约因素和性质,以及室内设计的艺术性及设计程序。     

Long memory at the long run and at the cyclical frequencies: modelling real wages in England, 1260–1994

This paper examines historical data on daily real wages in England for the time period 1260–1994 by means of new statistical techniques suitable for modelling long memory both at the long run and the cyclical frequencies. Specifically, it uses a procedure due to Robinson ((1994) Efficient tests of nonstationary hypotheses. J Am Stat Assoc 89:1420–1437) which is based, for the cyclical component, on Gegenbauer processes. We test for the presence of unit (and fractional) roots at both the zero and the cyclical frequencies, and find that the root at the zero frequency plays a much more important role than the cyclical one, though the latter frequency also has a component of long memory behaviour. It also appears that the trending (zero frequency) component is nonstationary while the cyclical one is stationary, with shocks having permanent effects on the former, but transitory effects on the latter. Similar conclusions are reached when allowing for a break in 1875 (the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution).

Coherent and convex monetary risk measures for unbounded càdlàg processes

Assume that the random future evolution of values is modelled in continuous time. Then, a risk measure can be viewed as a functional on a space of continuous-time stochastic processes. In this paper we study coherent and convex monetary risk measures on the space of all càdlàg processes that are adapted to a given filtration. We show that if such risk measures are required to be real-valued, then they can only depend on a stochastic process in a way that is uninteresting for many applications. Therefore, we allow them to take values in ( −∞, ∞]. The economic interpretation of a value of ∞ is that the corresponding financial position is so risky that no additional amount of money can make it acceptable. The main result of the paper gives different characterizations of coherent or convex monetary risk measures on the space of all bounded adapted càdlàg processes that can be extended to coherent or convex monetary risk measures on the space of all adapted càdlàg processes. As examples we discuss a new approach to measure the risk of an insurance company and a coherent risk measure for unbounded càdlàg processes induced by a so called m-stable set.Due to errors during the typesetting process, this article was published incorrectly in Finance Stoch 9(3):369–387 (2005). The address of the first author was printed incorrectly, and in the whole paper the angular brackets were misprinted as [ ]. The complete corrected article is given here. The online version of the original paper can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00780-004-0150-7     

Comparing and Combining Two Approaches for Chance Constrained DEA

This paper presents a comparison of two different models (Land et al (1993) and Olesen and Petersen (1995)), both designed to extend DEA to the case of stochastic inputs and outputs. The two models constitute two approaches within this area, that share certain characteristics. However, the two models behave very differently, and the choice between these two models can be confusing. This paper presents a systematic attempt to point out differences as well as similarities. It is demonstrated that the two models under some assumptions do have Lagrangian duals expressed in closed form. Similarities and differences are discussed based on a comparison of these dual structures. Weaknesses of the each of the two models are discussed and a merged model that combines attractive features of each of the two models is proposed.

基于DSGE模型的社会融资规模与货币政策传导研究

本文从宏观经济理论出发,建立动态随机一般均衡模型的分析框架,探讨社会融资规模与货币政策传导关系。建模中,金融市场包括直接融资市场与间接融资市场,引入摩擦系数反映金融市场信息不对称。模拟结果表明：货币政策调整对间接融资市场与直接融资市场均产生显著影响,社会融资规模指标将更能反映货币政策调整对资金供给的影响,其变动对宏观经济的影响要大于银行信贷变动的影响;若信贷额度控制,窗口指导等政策导致贷款难度变大,银行信贷将会向直接融资转移,从而从社会融资规模角度考察资金供给将更全面。因此,社会融资规模作为货币政策中间目标是可行的,比银行信贷指标能够更全面地反映货币政策传导过程。     

国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异研究——基于2008年第二次经济普查数据

作者根据第二次经济普查数据,研究了我国国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异。OLS方法估计结果表明,国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异从1995年的100%～400%,下降到2008年的17%～36%,随机前沿方法估计结果表明,国有与非国有工业企业技术无效率差异从1995年的22%～57%,下降到2008年的9%～21%,且国有工业企业技术效率仅比非国有工业企业低2.1%～6.3%,这表明国有工业企业的生产效率得到了大幅度提高,但国有企业生产效率的提高主要依赖其规模和垄断优势,在竞争性行业国有工业企业生产效率仍然低于非国有工业企业10%以上。     

An investigation into the mixed reported adoption rates for ABC: Evidence from Australia, New Zealand and the UK

An accumulated body of the literature confirms that the adoption of activity-based costing (ABC) can lead to a substantial improvement in organisational performance, productivity and profitability, and therefore encourages further adoption of the technique. However, studies investigating the diffusion of ABC have reported inconsistent and mixed results. This could cause uncertainty for many potential adopters of ABC (especially for those who follow the fashion and fads approaches) and influence their tendencies towards the adoption of ABC in the future. Addressing the diffusion process as a contextual factor, this study simultaneously investigates the adoption of ABC from the perspectives of different diffusion processes. Using two commonly adopted diffusion processes (the stages of adoption and the levels of adoption), this study examines the relationship between the reported adoption rates for ABC and the diffusion process approaches chosen to measure its adoption rates in three western countries: Australia, New Zealand and the UK. A similar questionnaire was used and more than 2000 qualified CIMA members (via a survey study and follow-up interviews) were targeted. The findings suggest a significant association between the reported adoption rates for ABC and the diffusion process approaches chosen to measure the adoption rates. The findings further suggest that the lack of a common understanding of ABC systems may have also contributed to the mixed reported adoption rates for ABC, as many ABC adopters have considered themselves adopters of traditional accounting systems by mistake (especially when they are dealing with ‘facility costs’ as one of the main cost hierarchies under ABC systems).     

Spatial stochastic frontier models: accounting for unobserved local determinants of inefficiency

This paper analyzes the productivity of farms across 370 municipalities in the Center-West region of Brazil. A stochastic frontier model with a latent spatial structure is proposed to account for possible unknown geographical variation of the outputs. The paper compares versions of the model that include the latent spatial effect in the mean of output or as a variable that conditions the distribution of inefficiency, include or not observed municipal variables, and specify independent normal or conditional autoregressive priors for the spatial effects. The Bayesian paradigm is used to estimate the proposed models. As the resultant posterior distributions do not have a closed form, stochastic simulation techniques are used to obtain samples from them. Two model comparison criteria provide support for including the latent spatial effects, even after considering covariates at the municipal level. Models that ignore the latent spatial effects produce significantly different rankings of inefficiencies across agents.

Matching in local labor markets: a stochastic frontier approach

This paper investigates the technical efficiency of labor market matching from a stochastic frontier approach. The true fixed-effects model (Greene J Prod Anal 23:7–32, 2005a; J Econom 126:269–303, 2005b) is utilised in order to separate cross-sectional heterogeneity from inefficiency, and inefficiency terms are modelled following Battese and Coelli (Empir Econ 20:325–332, 1995). The data set consists of almost 17,000 observations from Local Labor Offices (LLOs) in Finland. According to the results, there are notable differences in matching efficiency between regions, and these differences contribute significantly to the number of filled vacancies. If all regions were as efficient as the most efficient one, the number of total matches per month would increase by over 23%. The heterogeneity of the job-seeker stock is an important determinant of matching efficiency: the weight of the composition of the job-seeker stock in the inefficiency terms is on average 85%.