Teacher qualifications and student achievement in urban elementary schools

Teacher quality is a key element of student academic success, but few specific teacher characteristics influence classroom outcomes. This research examines whether teacher licensure test scores and other teacher attributes affect elementary student achievement. The results are based on longitudinal student-level data from Los Angeles. California requires three types of teacher licensure tests as part of the teacher certification process; a general knowledge test, a subject area test (single subject for secondary teachers and multiple subject for elementary teachers), and a reading pedagogy test for elementary school teachers. The student achievement analysis uses a value-added approach that adjusts for both student and teacher fixed effects. The results show large differences in teacher quality across the school district, but measured teacher characteristics explain little of the difference. Teacher licensure test scores are unrelated to teacher success in the classroom. Similarly, student achievement is unaffected by whether classroom teachers have advanced degrees. Student achievement increases with teacher experience, but the linkage is weak and largely reflects poor outcomes for teachers during their first year or two in the classroom.     

专用性人力资本、信息结构及创新模式选择

文章探讨了企业人力资本专用性和信息结构两个企业情境因素对企业创新模式选择的影响以及企业间合作动机的调节作用。企业参与合作的动机包括三个方面：与研究开发有关的合作动机,与技术学习有关的合作动机以及与市场进入等战略目的有关的合作动机。以我国企业为样本,以企业规模、产品发展阶段和产业地位作为控制变量进行了理论分析及实证分析,研究发现：人力资本专用性越强,企业越倾向于选择内部创新模式;信息结构以横向为主导的企业倾向于选择内部创新模式;反之,人力资本专用性弱及纵向信息结构与外部创新相对应。并且,通过层次回归分析发现研究开发动机会增强信息结构与内部创新模式的正向关系,而技术学习动机会减弱人力资本专用性与内部创新模式的正向关系。     

Intrinsic Motivations of Public Sector Employees: Evidence for Germany

We examine differences in altruism and laziness between public sector employees and private sector employees. Our theoretical model predicts that the likelihood of public sector employment increases with a worker's altruism, and increases or decreases with a worker's laziness depending on his altruism. Using questionnaire data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel Study, we find that public sector employees are significantly more altruistic and lazy than observationally equivalent private sector employees. A series of robustness checks show that these patterns are stronger among higher educated workers; that the sorting of altruistic people to the public sector takes place only within the caring industries; and that the difference in altruism is already present at the start of people's career, while the difference in laziness is only present for employees with sufficiently long work experience.     

Let the evidence speak again! Financial incentives are more effective than we thought

In this essay, the authors rejoin the debate about financial incentive effectiveness. They (a) briefly review the state of the literature in 1998, (b) highlight new meta‐analytic findings and update conclusions regarding the financial incentives–performance relationship, (c) address the myth that financial incentives erode intrinsic motivation, (d) provide explanations for the presumed failure of financial incentives and (e) offer some concluding thoughts and suggestions for future research.     

Can economic bonus programs jeopardize service relationships?

Research findings on the impact of economic bonus programs on service relationships are contradictory. While some studies find positive effects of economic bonus programs on customer’s relational behavior, other studies demonstrate negative effects. Building on self-determination theory, Dholakia (J Market Res 43(2):109–120, 2006) points at a possible explanation for these conflicting results, arguing that economic marketing programs have negative effects on self-determined customers when the program is perceived as controlling by them. By testing the effect of four different kinds of economic bonus programs on loyalty in an experimental setting using a nationwide representative sample of 768 participants, this research is the first that provides empirical evidence that economic bonus programs can indeed endanger service relationships by reducing customer’s self-determination. Implications of our findings for the abundance of economic bonus programs offered to service customers these days are highlighted.     

Cultural Tourism And Flamenco In The City Of Cordoba (Spain)

Flamenco is a tourist product that can attract many visitors from around the world, and the city of Cordoba (Spain) has an important role in the origins of flamenco. This work studies whether the satisfaction of cultural tourists who visit the city can be influenced by cultural offers related to flamenco. To achieve this objective, fieldwork was carried out based on 709 surveys conducted in the most important flamenco “tablaos” (stages) of the city. The techniques of factorial analysis and linear adjustment were used. The results show that flamenco can be a product that complements the satisfaction of cultural tourists.     

人力资源激励中的市场营销思想

从市场营销学的角度看待企业的人力资源激励活动,把人力资源激励活动看成一种营销活动,视薪酬为激励的"核心产品",将定价、促销策略、营销渠道、"以顾客为中心"等理念贯穿于人力资源激励活动中,使企业的人力资源激励工作多元化,促进企业人力资源管理的发展。     

浅谈作业成本法在中国的应用

作业成本法是一种全新的成本计算方法。作业成本法的提出最初是为了成本计算,但它有着两类更为广阔的用途:一是通过利用产品和服务成本的信息进行存货估价、商品定价和产品决策;二是通过利用作业成本信息进行业绩计量和考核、预算制定、作业管理、生产工序管理及顾客和市场盈利分析等。作业成本法的采用可以帮助企业加强内部管理,但企业是否采用作业成本法还要看作业成本法是否与企业所处的环境相适应,要考虑成本——效益原则。     

民营企业委托—代理关系中的激励和约束机制

在民营企业的委托—代理关系中,民营企业主与职业经理人之间的冲突源于双方的目标追求不一致和双方信息不对称两大问题。解决这两大问题的方法,不仅需要对职业经理人实行激励机制,而且需要有效的监督和约束机制。